Defeat Frames and Social Movements

这是对社会运动的研究。 它旨在通过系统地评估文化因素对集体行动的影响，促进我们对发展和衰落的理论和经验理解。这项研究将探讨运动文化的一个重要方面，用于解释挫折和失败的“框架”的影响。它询问活动家对社会运动失败的解释和解释是否有助于保持参与者的承诺，组织和团结。 %%% 这些问题是探讨研究英国的“新联盟”运动的十九世纪末和二十世纪初。这场运动始于19世纪80年代末，试图建立一个基础广泛、政治进步的工人运动。有两次战斗浪潮，一次发生在19世纪80年代末和90年代初，另一次发生在第一次世界大战之前。在第一次浪潮中，经历了一段爆炸性增长和罢工活动加剧的时期，随之而来的是挫折和失败。在第二次浪潮中，组织和罢工活动的新爆发最终导致了永久的组织和政治收益。 %%% 这两次浪潮将被审查，以确定活动家们为解释第一次浪潮中罢工失败而构建的“教训”或叙述是否对第二次浪潮中地方工会或工人行动的持久性产生了任何影响。将采用定性和定量分析。首先，利用报纸报道和工会记录，将对失败的罢工进行审查，以查明活动人士是否对罢工失败进行了解释，如果是，则使用了什么解释。其次，将使用事件历史方法分析工会寿命的数据，以评估失败框架的使用是否增加了当地工会生存的可能性。第三，使用新工会主义第二波的罢工统计数据，分析罢工参与率，以调查在框架上的防御对以后的罢工战斗性的影响。第四，将选择几个社区进行更深入的定性审查。 %%% 这项研究是第一个系统的努力，实证评估的影响，文化产品-失败框架-对社会运动的发展。它也是少数几个关注社会运动发展和衰落而不是其兴起的研究之一。

This is a study of social movements. It is designed to advance our theoretical and empirical understanding of development and decline by systematically assessing the impact of cultural elements on collective action. This research will investigate the impact of one important aspect of movement culture, the "frame" used to interpret setbacks and defeat. It asks whether the explanations and interpretations activists give for social movement defeats help to preserve the commitment, organization, and solidarity of participants. %%% These issues are explored by examining the British "new union" movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This movement, which began in the late 1880s, attempted to build a broad-based and politically progressive labor movement. There were two waves of militancy, one which occurred in the late 1880s and early 1890s, and the other which occurred in the years preceding World War I. In the first wave, a period of explosive growth and heightened strike activity was followed by setbacks and defeat. In the second wave, a new burst of organizing and strike activity culminated in permanent organizational and political gains. %%% These two waves will be examined to determine whether or not the "lessons" or narratives that activists constructed to explain strike failures in the first wave had any effects on the longevity of local unions or workers' actions in the second wave. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis will be employed. First, using newspaper accounts and union records, failing strikes will be examined to find out whether activists interpreted strike defeats, and if so, what interpretations were used. Second, using event history methods, data on union longevity will be analyzed to assess whether the use of defeat frames increased the probability of local union survival. Third, using strike statistics for the second wave of the new unionism, an analysis of strike participation rates will be done in order to investigate the effects of defe at frames on later strike militancy. Fourth, a few communities will be chosen for more intensive qualitative examination. %%% This research is one of the first systematic efforts to empirically evaluate the impact of a cultural product --defeat frames-- on the development of social movements. It is also one of the few studies to focus on the development and decline of social movements, rather than on their emergence.