Sexual Orientation Policy, Protest, and the State

在过去的二十年里，许多当代社会运动，如支持堕胎权、民权运动和新左派运动，越来越多地采用诉讼策略。这些运动还采用了温和的改革主义修辞，与此同时，组织也从激进的基层团体转变为专业组织。在美国50个州，社会运动对公共政策的影响差别很大。本研究考察了美国同性恋运动，试图解释社会运动中集体行动形式的总体变化以及由此产生的政策结果。研究的第一阶段从历史上和数量上考察了美国50个州的两项道德政策（成年人私下自愿鸡奸的非刑事化和同性恋权利条例的通过）。借助福利国家和社会运动文献，本研究探讨了社会运动激进主义、民主政治和公众舆论对这两项政策的影响。研究的第二阶段，包括对运动文件的审查和对活动家和州行动者的访谈，比较三个州（佛蒙特州、路易斯安那州和纽约州）在政策结果、宗教权利力量和参与政治方面的不同形式的集体行动。＊＊＊

9623937 Amenta Many contemporary social movements, such as the pro-choice, civil rights, and New Left movements have engaged increasingly over the past twenty years in litigious tactics. These movements have also employed a moderate reformist rhetoric that has been paralleled by organizational shifts from radical grassroots groups to professional organizations. The impact of the social movements on public policies has varied greatly across the fifty American states. This study examines the American lesbian and gay movement in an attempt to explain generally changes in forms of collective action within social movements and the resulting policy outcomes. The first stage of the research examines two morality policies (the decriminalization of consensual sodomy between adults in private and the passage of lesbian and gay right ordinances) historically and quantitatively over time and across the fifty American states. Drawing on the welfare state and social movement literature, this research explores the impact of social movement activism, democratic politics and public opinion on these two policies. The second stage of the research, which includes examination of movement documents and interviews with activists and state actors, compares forms of collective action across three states (Vermont, Louisiana and New York) that vary on policy outcomes, Religious Right strength, and access to the polity. ***