Krill Life Histories

摘要 P.I. 马克·曼格尔 OPP97-14983 南极磷虾是海洋中最大的可捕捞种群，每年的生物量约为全球渔获量的三倍。 此外，南大洋的大多数生物都与磷虾有一到两个营养级。 在最广泛的层面上，一个基本的问题是：是什么支撑着磷虾，使它成为如此成功的生物体？ 第二个问题是：人类捕捞磷虾对依赖磷虾的捕食者有什么影响？ 虽然人类对磷虾的最大捕捞量与其他捕食者相比很小，但《南极海洋生物资源保护公约》明确呼吁采取基于生态系统的办法，考虑到这种间接影响。 特别令人关切的是，捕食者的觅食范围与收获活动的空间分布可能重叠。 拟议的研究有两个方向。 首先是继续发展磷虾捕食者和磷虾渔业相互作用的模型。 这些渔业模型对南极海洋生物资源保护委员会科学委员会以及美国南极计划具有明显的意义。 该模型还将研究在个人和群体层面上的间接食物网效应。 第二个方向是磷虾生活史模型的发展，使用动态状态变量建模的方法。 这些模型将解决磷虾的高度可变的发展模式，因此有可能研究双峰大小分布和年龄大小的关系，这两个影响小规模的人口过程和渔业捕食者的相互作用的性质。

Abstract P.I. Marc Mangel OPP97-14983 Antarctic krill represent the largest harvestable population in the ocean, with annual biomass production about three times the global fish catch. In addition, most organisms in the Southern Ocean are one or two trophic levels from krill. At the broadest level, a fundamental question is: What sustains krill and allows it to be such a phenomenally successful organism? A secondary question is: What is the effect of krill harvesting by humans on krill-dependent predators? Although the maximum krill harvest by humans is small compared to that of other predators, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources explicitly calls for an ecosystem-based approach in which such indirect effects are considered. Of particular concern is the potential overlap of the foraging ranges of predators with the spatial distribution of harvesting activity. The proposed research has two directions. The first is the continued development of models for krill predator and krill fishery interactions. The fishery models will be of clear significance to the Scientific Committee for the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, and consequently, to the U.S. Antarctic Program. The model will also examine indirect food web effects at the level of the individual and the population. The second direction is the development of life history models for krill, using the methods of dynamic state variable modeling. These models will address the highly variable developmental patterns of krill, and therefore have the potential for examining the nature of bimodal size distributions and age-size relationships, both of which influence small scale population processes and fishery-predator interactions.