The Behavior, Ecology and Genetics of Communal Halictine Bees

9728884史蒂芬·H·福布斯这项研究的重点是非亲属之间的合作，使用的理论既适用于基于亲属的社会系统，也适用于基于非亲属的社会系统。基于对单一物种Lasioglossum hemichalceum的详细研究，已经确定了定义非亲属群体合作的几个关键特征。这些问题包括觅食者寿命短，后代的依赖时间长，以及需要成虫继续留在巢中保护孤儿后代。这些关键特征导致了合作，以实现“延长的父母照顾”。个体合作，以便为他们的后代找到未来的保姆，如果他们在觅食时死亡的话。研究人员将在精心挑选的一组额外物种中检查这些关键特征，以确定单一物种的结果可能有多普遍。这项工作将通过对上述因素的仔细实地观察和分子遗传技术来进行，以评估群体成员之间的亲缘关系和遗传关系。社会合作是动物生物学的一个重要特征。大多数陆地生态系统由社会物种主导。自20世纪70年代以来，对群居昆虫的研究为我们改变看待社会互动的方式提供了基础。在过去，两种理论都专注于合作可能是如何演变的。第一个涉及亲属之间的互动可能是如何演变的，第二个涉及非亲属之间的合作。这项研究提供了寻找更一般的社会性理论的机会，具有一定的潜力，可以拓宽我们对社会合作如何演变的视角。\\CLM-06\DEBPOP\POPBIO\ASTIVE\FORBES.txt

9728884 Stephen H. Forbes This research focuses on cooperation among nonrelatives using theory that can be applied to both kin and nonkin based social systems. Based on detailed studies of a single species, Lasioglossum hemichalceum, several key characteristics that define cooperation in groups of nonrelatives have been identified. These include a short life span for foragers, a long period of dependency for offspring, and the need for the continued presence of adults in nests to protect orphaned offspring. These key features result in cooperation to attain "extended parental care". Individuals cooperate in order to obtain future babysitters for their offspring should they die while foraging. The investigators will examine these key characteristics in a carefully chosen set of additional species in order to determine how general the results with a single species may be. This work will be carried out using careful field observations of the factors outlined above and molecular genetic techniques to assess parentage and genetic relationships among group members. Social cooperation is an important feature of animal biology. Most terrestrial ecosystems are dominated by social species. Since the 1970s the study of social insects has provided the basis for a change in the way we view social interactions. In the past, two bodies of theory have focused on how cooperation may have evolved. The first deals with how interactions among relatives may have evolved and the second deals with cooperation among nonrelatives. This research provides the opportunity to find a more general theory of sociality with some potential for broadening our perspective on how social cooperation evolved. \\CLM-06\DEBPOP\POPBIO\ABSTRACT\FORBES.txt