Early State Expansion and Multiethnic Coexistence in the Ancient Andes

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，保罗·戈尔茨坦博士和一个由研究生和本科生组成的团队将在秘鲁的莫克瓜山谷进行考古调查。西班牙探险家的描述和考古资料都表明，这个山谷的影响与其大小不成比例。虽然这片绿洲位于世界上最干旱的沙漠之一，但灌溉长期以来允许全年种植在高海拔地区无法种植的作物。西班牙的历史文献记载，那些中心远在200公里以东的高地政体的殖民者将定居者送到山谷的中高海拔地区，种植玉米、辣椒和棉花，然后运回家乡。戈尔茨坦博士和他的团队希望确定这种模式在时间上延伸了多远。三个因素在秘鲁的文化史上起着重要作用。首先，该国的特点是高度地带性强，环境变化迅速，从干旱的沿海沙漠，到中纬度地区，安第斯高原，最后是热带东部亚马逊低地。其次，考古记录表明存在着持续数千年的强大的地区传统。最后，以印加帝国为代表的一系列帝国相继出现，巩固了玻利维亚和秘鲁的大部分地区。考古学家希望了解这些因素是如何相互作用的。在一系列更大的中央集权政权下，地方传统是如何保持至少一点独立性的？帝国和小群体是如何组织起来利用不同海拔带提供的资源的？莫克瓜山谷，由于其明确的边界性质和丰富的资源，为研究这些问题提供了一个极好的场所。戈尔茨坦博士在该地区进行了数年的研究，数据显示了所有主要帝国扩张的印记以及强大的当地传统。他希望确定发生的相互作用的类型，并认为多种族（生存和让生存）模式最适用。在国家科学基金会的支持下，他将进行一个额外的野外季节研究。他将完成对山谷的全面调查，并更新遗址和其他文化特征的地图。将收集表面材料，并根据陶瓷确定日期和文化归属。放射性碳定年法将提供绝对年龄。在此基础上，我们就有可能重建文化互动。这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。它将提供洞察在异质环境背景下的早期国家一级社会的社会组织。它将产生许多考古学家感兴趣的数据，并为本科生和研究生提供培训。

With National Science Foundation support Dr. Paul Goldstein and a team of graduate and undergraduate students will conduct archaeological survey in the Moquegua Valley, Peru. Both accounts by Spanish explorers as well as archaeological data suggest that this valley exerted an influence disproportionate to its size. Although this oasis is set in one of the world's driest deserts, irrigation has long permitted year-round cultivation of crops that are not available at higher elevations. Spanish historic documents state that colonists from highland polities with centers as much as 200 kilometers to the East sent settlers to the valley's middle elevations to cultivate maize, peppers and cotton to send back to their homelands. Dr. Goldstein and his team wish to determine how far this pattern extends back in time. Three factors play major roles in the culture history of Peru. First, the country is characterized by strong altitudinal zonation and environments change rapidly from arid coastland desert, through mid latitudes, high Andean plateau and finally tropical eastern Amazonian lowland. Secondly, the archaeological record indicates the presence of strong regional traditions which continue for thousands of years in time. Finally, the a series of empires, of which the Inca was the most recent, emerged to consolidate large portions of Bolivia and Peru. Archaeologists wish to understand how these factors interacted. How did local traditions maintain at least a modicum of independence under a series of larger centralized regimes? How were empires and smaller groups organized to take advantage of the resources which different altitudinal zones offered? The Moquegua Valley, because of its clear bounded nature and its rich resources offers an excellent venue to study such questions. Dr. Goldstein has conducted research in the region for several years and data indicate the imprint of all major empire expansions as well as a strong local tradition. He wishes to determine the types of interactions which occurred and believes that a multi-ethnic (live and let live) model best applies. With National Science Foundation support he will conduct one additional field season of work. He will complete a full scale survey of the valley and update a maps of sites and other cultural features. Surface material will be collected and on the basis of ceramics both date and cultural affiliation will be determined. Radiocarbon dates will provide absolute ages. On this basis it will then be possible to reconstruct cultural interactions over time. This research is important for several reasons. It will provide insight into the social organization of a early state level societies in a heterogeneous environmental context. It will yield data of interest to many archaeologists and provide training to both undergraduate and graduate students.