Female Work, Public Policy, and Fertility in Developed Nations

这项研究考察了旨在缓解工作和家庭冲突的公共政策不同的时间和国家背景下，女性劳动力参与率和生育率之间的宏观关系。将被检验的假设包括(S)随着时间的推移，对女性家庭外角色的制度支持增加，女性参与对生育率的负面影响下降，甚至逆转；(2)拥有对妇女友好的公共政策的国家将表现出较弱的关系，并且随着时间的推移，与没有此类政策的国家相比，国家将更快、更强烈地经历方向的逆转。3)女性工资相对收入的后果，以及后物质主义对女性工作与生育关系的价值观也将随着时间和国家的不同而不同。这些数据将用来自可比微观调查的数据来补充标准来源公布的数据，这些调查按年龄、婚姻状况和家里有没有孩子来衡量妇女的就业情况。利用汇总的横截面和时间序列数据以及以生育率为因变量的多水平数据的统计技术，这些分析将审查女性工作的曲线效应以及女性工作和有利于妇女的政策(没有和有其他决定因素的控制，如女性工资、相对收入和价值变化)的相互作用。结果将评估对女性工作和生育关系的背景影响的主张，以及第二次人口转型后期阶段生育模式和决定因素的差异。就实际影响而言，该项目对支持职业妇女的国家政策的描述和比较涉及对工作和家庭相结合的困难、这些困难对子女和母亲生活的负面影响以及生育率低于更替水平所带来的潜在问题的政治关切。研究其他国家的不同政策以及工作和生育之间的关系可以解决这些担忧，并有助于美国的政策辩论。

SES-9910662Fred C. PampelThis research examines the macro-level relationship between female labor force participation rates and fertility rates across temporal and national contexts that differ in the public policies aimed at easing the conflict between work and family. Hypotheses that will be tested include (s) as the institutional supports for women's roles outside the family rise over time, the negative influence of female participation on rates on fertility declines and perhaps even reverses; (2) nations with women-friendly public policies will exhibit a weaker relationship and experience the over time reversal in direction more quickly and strongly than nations without such policies, and 3) the consequences of female wages relative income, and post-materialists values for the relationship between female work and fertility will likewise vary across time and nations.Data on fertility, female labor force participation, and a variety of control variables will be analyzed from 21 high-income nations from 1949-1996. These data will supplement the figures published in standard sources with data from comparable micro-level surveys that measure employment of women by age, marital status, and the presence of children at home. Using statistical techniques for pooled cross-sectional and time-serial data and for multi-level data that take fertility rates as the dependent variables, the analyses will examine the curvilinear effects of female work and the interaction of female work and women-friendly policies (without and with controls for other determinants such as female wages, relative income, and value change). The results will evaluate claims for the contextual influences on the female work and fertility relationship, and the divergence in fertility patterns and determinants during the later stages of the second demographic transitions.In terms of practical implications, the project's description and comparison of national policies for support of working women relates to political concerns over the difficulties of combining work and family, the negative consequences of these difficulties for the lives of children and mothers, and the potential problems brought on by below-replacement fertility. The study of other nations with different policies and relationships between work and fertility can address these concerns, and contribute to policy debates in the United States.