Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Revisiting Nawinpukyo: Toward a Reevaluation of the Early Intermediate Period in Ayacucho, Peru

在William Isbell博士的指导下，Juan Leoni先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将在位于秘鲁高原阿亚库乔地区的纳温普乔遗址进行考古实地调查。该基地坐落在一个多岩石的小山上，里面有大量的石头，这些石头被解释为公共建筑和精英住宅。一个假想的“仪式大院”，有一个平台丘，一系列的仓库，行政建筑，法院和天井也被描述。尽管之前的研究人员对这个遗址进行了研究，但它仍然是一个谜，因为它的表面受到了几个世纪以来农业和相关的土移活动的影响。陶瓷表明了不止一个时期的职业。最初的发掘机将纳温布京解释为早期安第斯国家的首都，并认为废墟的规模和排列证明了这一事实。后来的考古学家不同意这一观点，并断言这些遗骸反映了一种不那么复杂的社会组织形式。为了解决这个问题，莱尼先生将进行一个多阶段的研究项目。他将调查和绘制遗址核心，进行陶器和其他文物的表面收集，并进行有限的挖掘。所得材料将进行实验室分析。通过这种方法，莱尼先生将确定该遗址的哪些部分在特定时期被占用，然后将重点放在其中最早的部分。（考古学家一致认为，在最近的代表性时期，秘鲁实际上已经出现了国家级的社会。）莱尼将特别检查各个住宅中材料的分布，以确定它们的数量和种类是否存在显著差异。财富分配的差异反映了统治精英的存在，这是国家社会的标志之一。复杂社会是如何产生和维持的问题是人类学考古学的核心，存在着相当大的分歧。这个过程在世界上的许多地方都是独立发生的——安第斯山脉就是其中之一——因此考古学家可以比较地理上离散的事件来寻找潜在的模式。有些人认为，同样的基本过程和原则适用于所有情况，可以确定一系列明确的发展步骤。另一些人则认为，历史偶然性发挥了重要作用，而且这一过程在不同地区之间存在根本性差异。因为复杂的国家级社会是在安第斯山脉发展起来的，所以来自Nawinpukyo等遗址的数据直接回答了这个问题。这项研究还将为地区考古学家提供感兴趣的数据，并协助培养一名有前途的年轻科学家。

Under the direction of Dr. William Isbell, Mr. Juan Leoni will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will conduct archaeological fieldwork at the site of Nawinpukyo which is located in the Ayacucho region of highland Peru. Situated on a rocky hill the site contains concentrations of stones which have been interpreted as public buildings and elite residences. A supposed "ceremonial compound" with a platform mound, a series of storage granaries, administrative buildings, courts and patios has also been described. Although studied by previous researchers the site is enigmatic because its surface has been affected by centuries of farming and related earth moving activities. Ceramics indicate occupation during more than one period. The original excavator interpreted Nawinpukyo as the capital city of an early Andean state and believed that the size and arrangement of ruins testified to this fact. Later archaeologists have disagreed and asserted that the remains reflect a less complex form of social organization. To address this question, Mr. Leoni will conduct a multistage research project. He will survey and map the site core, conduct surface collection of pottery and other artifacts and also carry out limited excavation. The resulting materials will be subjected to laboratory analysis. Through this approach Mr. Leoni will determine what portions of the site were occupied at particular periods of time and then focus on the earliest of these. (Archaeologists agree that by the latest represented interval state level societies were, in fact, present in Peru.) In particular Mr. Leoni will examine the distribution of materials across residences to determine whether their amount and variety differ significantly among them. Differential distribution of wealth which reflects the presence of a governing elite is one of the hallmarks of state level society.The question of how complex societies arose and were maintained is central to anthropological archaeology and considerable disagreement exists. The process has taken place independently in many parts of the world - the Andes is one - and thus archaeologists can compare geographically discrete occurrences to look for underlying patterns. Some believe that the same basic processes and principles apply in all cases and that it is possible to define a clear-cut series of developmental steps. Others argue that historical contingency plays a major role and that the process varies in fundamental ways from region to region. Because complex state level societies developed in the Andes, data from sites such as Nawinpukyo speak directly to this question. This research will also provide data of interest to regional archaeologists and assist in training a promising young scientist.