Productivity, Location and Growth in the Service and Manufacturing Sectors

商业服务和总部活动不成比例地集中在最大的都市地区，而制造业则不成比例地集中在较小的城镇和城市。问题是为什么;因此，在美国，大都市区相对于中小城市的作用是什么。为了开始了解在工作中的力量，这个项目研究了当地的增长模式，生产力，并在服务和总部部门的外包决策。就总部而言，由于总部位于最大的都市区，总部与其生产设施分离，造成了公司内部面对面的通信成本。他们在多大程度上选择在这些都市区，以利用当地中间服务投入的多样性，如广告、法律的和金融服务，而不是通过当地信息溢出（比如从其他总部）收集有关创新、出口市场、融资等信息？同样，为什么商业服务位于最大和最昂贵的都会区？在何种程度上是服务部门内的地方规模经济，相对于服务部门内的上游和下游联系，相对于与使用服务的部门的联系（例如，这些部门在哪些地方可能会经历较高的部门规模经济？该项目的前两部分通过详细分析总部和服务业的城市增长、外包决策以及总部和服务业企业的生产率来研究这些问题。一个问题是，对于总部来说，没有直接的产出衡量标准，因此生产率效益必须通过其对工资和租金的影响来衡量。另一个问题涉及公司结构的作用以及业务单位与其总部在决定外包决定方面的关系。本项目的最后一节探讨了各城市之间产业流动性的决定因素，并将服务业与制造业的流动性进行了比较，这是城市在规划和竞争产业时面临的一个问题。制造业在城市之间具有高度的移动的性，因此，在几十年的时间里，一个较小的城市可能会从一个纺织品制造商转变为专门从事电子产品生产的城市。服务业真的如此自由吗？

Business service and headquarters activities locate disproportionately in the largest metro areas, while manufacturing is found disproportionately in smaller towns and cities. The question is why; and, hence, what is the role of large metro areas versus small and medium size cities in the USA. To start to understand the forces at work, this project examines local growth patterns, productivity, and out-sourcing decisions in the service and headquarter sectors. For the case of headquarters, by locating in the largest metro areas, headquarters separate themselves from their production facilities, creating significant internal company face-to-face communication costs. To what extent do they choose to be in these metro areas to take advantage of the diversity of local intermediate service inputs such as advertising, legal, and financial services found there, as opposed to gather information about innovations, export markets, financing, and the like through local information spillovers from, say, other headquarters? Similarly, why are business services located in the largest and most expensive metro areas? To what extent is it local scale economies within the service sector, versus upstream and downstream linkages within the service sector, versus linkages to sectors using services (e.g., headquarters) where those sectors may experience high own sector scale economies? The first two sections of the project examine these issues through a detailed analysis of city growth of headquarters and service industries, out-sourcing decisions, and productivity of headquarters and service sector firms. One issue is that for headquarters, there is no direct output measure, so productivity benefits must be measured through their effects on wages and rents. Another issue concerns the role of firm structure and the relationship between operating units and their headquarters in determining out-sourcing decisions. The last section of the project looks at the determinants of industry mobility across cities and compares mobility for service versus manufacturing sector industries, an issue for cities in planning and competing for industries. Manufacturing industries are highly mobile across cities, so that over the course of a couple of decades a smaller city may switch from being a textile manufacturer to specializing in electronics. Are service sector industries so footloose?