Industrialized Nature

摘要0113665 Paul Josephson，科尔比学院工业化自然：蛮力技术与自然的科学管理该项目基于技术史和环境史结合点上可持续发展概念分析的创新方法，研究了苏联、俄罗斯、挪威、美国、加拿大和巴西自然资源科学管理的比较问题。 这项历史调查的中心任务是跟踪这些国家从20世纪30年代到现在的“蛮力”技术的演变。 重点福尔斯是水、鱼和森林资源。该研究确定了在采用可持续资源管理技术、设计适当技术和为所有公民提供充足资源方面的挑战。 四个案例研究追求令人惊讶的丰富性和相似性的主题（在研究策略，生物亲和力，政治和经济压力方面）。第一个案例比较了斯大林主义的一个大规模项目，将伏尔加河流域改造成一个统一的运输、灌溉和水力发电系统，以及对华盛顿州哥伦比亚河流域的驯服。 第二个案例研究将苏联征服西伯利亚和所谓的安加拉-埃内塞瀑布与亚马逊河流域的发展进行了比较。第三项研究探讨了科学研究在挪威和苏联深海捕鱼业推广蛮力技术方面的作用。 最后一个案例研究的重点是俄罗斯西北部阿尔汉格尔斯克地区的森林和新罕布什尔州和缅因州的北方森林。 国家政治、经济、文化、科学和工程对科学管理和蛮力技术的起源产生了影响。 该研究评估了这些国家特征在塑造自然资源科学管理概念和自然本身方面的影响。 它还描述了用工业范式取代生物范式的趋势的根源，在这种趋势中，科学家将自然视为单一文化的高效机器，并密切关注为机器提供动力的技术的设计。在自然资源管理中，推动力是努力确定生产和生物学在哪里相遇。跨国比较将表明资源管理的哪些方面具有普遍性，哪些方面反映了科学活动的国家决定因素-经济、政治、社会、意识形态。

ABSTRACTSES 0113665Paul Josephson, Colby CollegeIndustrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Scientific Management of NatureBased on an innovative approach to the analysis of notions of sustainable development at the juncture of history of technology and environmental history, this project examines comparative issues of scientific management of natural resources in the Soviet Union and Russia, Norway, the United States, Canada and Brazil. The central task of this historical survey is to track the evolution of "brute-force" technology in these countries from the 1930s through the present. The focus falls on water, fish, and forest resources. The study identifies the challenges in adopting sustainable resource management techniques, designing appropriate technologies, and providing adequate resources for all citizens. Four case studies pursue the surprising richness and similarity of the subjects (in terms of research strategies, biological affinities, political and economic pressures. The first cases compares a massive Stalinist project to transform the Volga River basin into a unified transport, irrigation, and hydroelectric power system, with the taming of the Columbia River basin in Washington state. A second case study considers the Soviet conquest of Siberia and the so-called Angara-Enesei cascade in comparison with the development of Amazonia. The third study explores the role of scientific research in promoting brute force technology in the Norway and Soviet deep sea fishing industries. The final case study focuses on the forests of Arkhangelsk region of northwest Russia and the northern forest of New Hampshire and Maine. National politics, economics, culture, and science and engineering have had an impact on the genesis of scientific management and brute force technology. The study evaluates the impact these national features in shaping notions of scientific management of natural resources, and nature itself. It also describes the roots of the tendency to replace biological paradigms with industrial ones in which scientists treat nature as an efficient machine of monocultures, and look closely at the design of the technologies that powered the machine. In natural resource management, the driving force has been the effort to determine where production and biology meet. Cross-national comparisons will indicate what aspects of resource management are universal and what aspects reflect national determinants -- economic, political, social, ideological -- of scientific activity.