The Impact of the Stalinist System on Science: Nuclear, Low Temperature and Theoretical Physics in Ukraine, 1930-1960

项目摘要科尔比学院的保罗·约瑟夫森：《斯大林体系对科学的影响：乌克兰的核、低温和理论物理，1930-1960》在20世纪30年代，乌克兰是核、理论和低温物理的领先中心。Niels Bohr、Paul Dirac、P.M.S.Blackett和Boris Podolsky等人参观了位于哈尔科夫的著名研究中心--乌克兰物理技术研究所(UFTI)。基里尔·西内尔尼科夫曾在剑桥师从欧内斯特·卢瑟福，他领导该研究所多年，而未来的诺贝尔奖获得者列夫·兰道则是在UFTI开始他的职业生涯的。苏联主要物理学家和共产党代表在20世纪20年代末斯大林为工业化和强迫农业集体化而实施的紧急计划开始时，着手建立UFTI。几年内，大恐怖开始，导致数百万无辜公民被逮捕、审讯、监禁和处决。哈尔科夫的清洗似乎达到了苏联其他地方无与伦比的程度。在这个项目中，一个唯一合格的国际研究团队将非常详细地研究乌克兰物理学的历史。具体地说，研究人员将利用政府和研究所档案、采访和当地报纸中的材料，探索斯大林主义体系对物理界的影响。我们所说的斯大林体系的影响是指：科学政策的集中化；强调应用科学而忽视基础研究；引入新的科学活动计划体系；在科学中建立自给自足或国际隔离；以及科学的思想化。这项计划将在科学史上做出几个重要贡献。首先，它将增加我们对斯大林主义和科学相互作用的理解。其次，它将揭示乌克兰科学家的经历在多大程度上与苏联其他地方物理学学科的科学家不同。第三，它将为日益增长的冷战科学文献增添新的篇章。第四，通过向乌克兰专家和几名研究生助理提供少量资金，它将支持科学研究，我们认为这些研究对正在进行的对科学在当代乌克兰的地位的评估很重要。

Project AbstractSES 0322274Paul Josephson, Colby College"The Impact of the Stalinist System on Science: Nuclear, Low Temperature, and Theoretical Physics in Ukraine, 1930-1960"Ukraine was a leading center of nuclear, theoretical and low temperature physics in the 1930s. Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac, P. M. S. Blackett and Boris Podolsky, among many others, visited its renowned center of research in Kharkiv, the Ukrainian Physical TechnicalInstitute (UFTI). Kirill Sinelnikov, who studied with Ernest Rutherford in Cambridge, directed the institute for many years, while future Nobel laureate Lev Landau began his career at UFTI.Leading Soviet physicists and representatives of the Communist Party set out to establish UFTI at the beginning of Stalin's crash program for industrialization and forced collectivization of agriculture in the late 1920s. Within a few years, the Great Terror commenced, leading to the arrest, interrogation, imprisonment and execution of millions of innocent citizens. The purges seem to have reached an intensity in Kharkiv unrivaled elsewhere in the USSR. In this project, a uniquely qualified international team of researchers will examine in great detail the history of Ukrainian physics. Specifically, using materials in government and institute archives, interviews, and local newspapers, the researchers will explore the impact of the Stalinist system on the physics community. By impact of the Stalinist system we mean: centralization of science policy; an emphasis on applied science at the expense of basic research; the introduction of a new system of planning of scientific activity; the establishment of autarky or international isolation in science; and the ideologization of science.This project will make several important contributions to the history of science. First, it will add to our understanding of the interaction of Stalinism and science. Second, it will reveal to what extent the experience of Ukrainian scientists differed from that of scientists in the physics discipline elsewhere in the USSR. Third, it will add a new chapter to the growing literature on cold war science. Fourth, by providing modest funding to Ukrainian specialists and several graduate assistants, it will support science studies which we believe are important to the ongoing evaluation of the place of science in contemporary Ukraine.