Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant-- Reconstructing Middle Sican Fuel Use in the La Leche River Valley, Lambayeque, Peru (C.E. 950-1050)

博士论文改进资助：从考古木炭重建燃料使用中四川时期，兰巴耶克，秘鲁（公元950-1050）。在博士的指导下。Lee Newsom和Izumi Shimada， David J. Goldstein先生将为他的博士论文收集数据。他将继续参与岛田博士领导的为期23年的四川考古项目，重建兰巴耶克和拉莱切河谷的史前历史。戈尔茨坦先生将成为秘鲁兰巴耶克新建的四川国家博物馆的第一位驻馆科学家，完成对中四川时期金属和陶瓷作坊Huaca Sialupe 3个季节的挖掘分析。特别是，他将调查金属炉、陶瓷窑和家庭壁炉的木炭残留物，以重建这一时期燃料资源的使用。同时，他将在春季和秋季进行为期两个月的系统森林资源调查，收集比较植物材料，以完成他的分析。这个地区森林保护的现状是可怕的。该地区覆盖着干燥的热带森林，目前由于农业砍伐和柴火采伐而面临破坏。这种砍伐是有问题的，因为当地的森林提高了土壤肥力，提高了地下水位。根据戈尔茨坦先生和岛田博士的跨学科团队进行的实验，人们认为，在过去，四川中部的金属生产以类似的方式严重影响了森林资源。由于陶瓷和金属生产的燃料密集型性质，这种威胁可能导致四川中部的森林保护措施，包括在不同行业之间测量燃料分配。通过比较Huaca Sialupe和该地区其他地点的不同燃料使用情况，他的目标是描绘出在这一时期每种情况下使用的燃料的方式和种类。同时，他将采用一种方法来调查该地区的古代森林生态。Goldstein将采用Newsom博士基于传统木材解剖学方法开发的方法，研究木本植物的功能生长解剖学，以识别用作燃料的植物，并解释这些植物的生长生态学。迄今为止，没有一项关于古代环境的研究能充分描述该地区古代森林的高度、范围和组成。这项研究将允许通过与现代标本和解剖木钥匙的比较，重建古代工匠可用的森林材料。理想情况下，这项研究将提供有关人类从当今被视为脆弱的生态系统中提取燃料资源的方式的信息。戈尔茨坦先生的研究是区域森林资源史发展的基础工作，将展示人们如何利用其可用资源提供燃料，以满足其经济和生存需求，考虑到边际资源。这项调查可能会使当地的发展项目能够争取在该地区采取有模式的保护措施，以保护今天仍被森林覆盖的少数地区。

Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Reconstructing Fuel Use from Archaeological Charcoal from the Middle Sican Period, Lambayeque, Peru (C.E. 950-1050).Under the direction of Drs. Lee Newsom and Izumi Shimada, Mr. David J. Goldstein will collect data for his doctoral dissertation. He will continue his participation with the Sican Archaeological Project, a 23-year effort headed by Dr. Shimada to reconstruct the prehistory of the Lambayeque and La Leche River Valleys. Mr. Goldstein will be the first scientist-in-residence at the newly constructed National Sican Museum in Lambayeque, Peru, to complete the analysis of 3 seasons of excavation at Huaca Sialupe a Middle Sican period metal and ceramics workshop. In particular, he will be investigating the charcoal remains from metal furnaces, ceramic kilns, and domestic hearths to reconstruct the use of fuel resources during the period. In conjunction, he will conduct two-months of systematic forest resource surveys, in the spring and fall, to collect comparative botanical materials to complete his analysis. The present state of forest preservation in the area is dire. The area is sparsely covered by dry tropical forests that presently face destruction in light of agricultural clearance and fuel wood harvesting. This clearance is problematic as the local forests enhance soil fertility and raise the groundwater level. It is thought based on experiments carried out by Mr. Goldstein and Dr. Shimada's interdisciplinary team, that Middle Sican metal production severely impacted forest resources in a similar manner in the past. This threat, due to the fuel intensive nature of ceramic and metal production, may have lead to forest conservation measures during the Middle Sican, including measured fuel apportioning between different industries. Through a comparison between the different fuel-use contexts at Huaca Sialupe, and other sites in the area, he aims to pattern how and which fuels were used in each context during this period. At the same time he will utilize a methodology that will investigate the ancient forest ecology in the area.Mr. Goldstein will employ an approach developed by Dr. Newsom based on traditional wood anatomy methods to look at the functional growth anatomy of woody plants to identify the plants used as fuel and interpret the growth ecology of these plants. To date, no studies of the ancient environment adequately describe the stature, extent, and composition of forests present in the area in antiquity. This research will permit the reconstruction of the forest materials available to ancient artisans through comparisons with modern specimens and anatomical wood keys. Ideally, the study will yield information on the manner in which humans extracted fuel resources from an ecosystem that is viewed as fragile in the present day. Mr. Goldstein's research is a foundation work for the development of regional forest resource history, and will demonstrate how people used their available resources to provide fuel to satisfy their economic and subsistence needs in light of marginal resources. Potentially, this investigation will allow local development projects to argue for patterned conservation measures in the area in an effort to preserve the few remaining areas still covered by forest today.