Imperial Interaction in the Andes: Wari and Tiwanaku at Cerro Baul

在国家科学基金会的支持下，帕特里克·威廉姆斯博士和他的合作者将在秘鲁高地的塞罗保罗遗址进行两个季节的考古研究。该遗址位于秘鲁南部的Moquegua山脉，可追溯到公元600- 1000年，代表了该地区最壮观的自然景观之上的一个完整的行政中心。在山顶上确定了两个阶段的纪念性建筑，包括行政建筑、宗教寺庙、精英家庭环境和工艺生产和工匠居住设施。在山台地的斜坡上，有地位较低的人居住的家庭梯田。这个遗址特别有趣，因为它位于两个史前帝国的边界，一个是首都在北部阿亚库乔的瓦里，另一个是首都在玻利维亚的蒂瓦纳库。被描述为世俗和好战的瓦里统治着秘鲁大部分高地和沿海地区，而被描述为宗教和商业的蒂瓦纳库则统治着玻利维亚、秘鲁南部和智利北部。经济上，瓦里通过在陡峭的山坡上建造灌溉梯田，种植玉米和其他作物，从而获得农业收入。蒂瓦纳库占据了更高的Altiplano平原，开垦了平坦的地形，种植土豆和其他高海拔作物，同时也放牧骆驼，并使用骆驼商队来获取遥远的资源。对考古学家来说幸运的是，这些帝国采用了不同风格的帝国建筑，它们的许多陶瓷和肖像也各不相同。只有在秘鲁的Moquegua地区，Tiwanaku和Wari定居点都被发现在很近的地方，而Cerro baaul遗址本身就包含了这两个群体的证据。威廉姆斯博士希望了解它们之间相互作用的本质。因此，他将在现场进行广泛的挖掘，并进行区域调查，以重建农业系统。有了这些数据，他将确定整合发生的程度和所采用的互补策略的类型。对挖掘材料的分析将集中在生存生产系统、家庭活动模式、工艺生产系统、精英交流和肖像关系等方面。Wari-Tiwanaku的相互作用是史前史上为数不多的可以考察同侪帝国相互影响的例子之一。通过记录塞罗保罗政治经济和意识形态交流的发展，威廉姆斯博士的研究将对复杂社会的人类学研究和安第斯治国方略的演变作出重大贡献。

With National Science Foundation support Dr. Patrick Williams and his collaborators will conduct two seasons of archaeological research at the site of Cerro Baul in highland Peru. The site, located in the Moquegua sierra of Southern Peru dates to approximately 600-1,000 AD and represents a complete administrative center set on top of the most imposing natural feature in the region. Two phases of monumental architecture have been identified on the summit and these include administrative architecture, religious temples, elite domestic contexts and craft production and artisan habitation facilities. On the slopes of the mountain mesa domestic terraces inhabited by lower status people are present. The site is particularly interesting because it lies at the boundary between two prehistoric empires, Wari, with a capital in Ayacucho to the North and Tiwanaku with its capital in Bolivia. Wari which has been characterized as secular and militant, governed most of highland and coastal Peru while Tiwanaku, portrayed as ecclesiastical and mercantile held sway over Bolivia, southern Peru and Northern Chile. Economically Wari generated agricultural revenue by constructing irrigated terraces on steep mountain slopes where maize and other crops could grow. Occupying the higher Altiplano plains, Tiwanaku reclaimed flat terrain for farming potatoes and other high-altitude crops while also herding camelids and using llama caravans to secure distant resources. Luckily for archaeologists the empires employed different styles of imperial architecture and much of their ceramics and iconography are also distinct. It is only in the Moquegua region of Peru that both Tiwanaku and Wari settlements are found in close proximity and the site of Cerro Baul itself contains evidence of both groups. Dr. Williams wishes to understand the nature of the interaction between them. Therefore he will conduct extensive excavation at the site and carry out a regional survey to reconstruct the agricultural systems. With these data he will determine the extent to which integration took place and the types of complementary strategies employed. Analyses of excavated materials will focus on subsistence production systems, domestic activity patterns, craft production systems, elite exchange and iconographic relationships.The case of Wari-Tiwanaku interaction provides one of the few examples in prehistory in which the influence of peer empires on each other can be examined. By documenting the development of political economy and ideological exchange at Cerro Baul, Dr. Williams research will make a significant contribution to the anthropological study of complex societies and the evolution of Andean statecraft.