Imperial Strategies and State Formation in Sudanese Nubia

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，斯图尔特·史密斯博士及其同事将在苏丹努比亚的尼罗河第四大瀑布进行考古调查，以研究埃及帝国主义对努比亚纳帕坦国家崛起的影响。 关于新王国时期埃及征服对努比亚克玛文化的影响有相当多的争论，一些人认为他们同化了埃及的规范，就像他们的北方努比亚邻居一样，C-集团，还有一些人认为他们保留了自己的本土文化，尽管他们被吸收到埃及新王国帝国（c。公元前1500-1050年）。 这个问题与库什纳帕坦王国的起源有关，其统治者成为埃及第25王朝的法老（c。公元前750-600年），建立了一个持续了一千年的国家（c。公元前750年-公元350年）。 新王国统治和纳帕塔出现之间的过渡知之甚少，现有的考古证据不足以解决这些争论。 为了理解非洲最古老国家之一的崛起，我们必须更多地了解埃及帝国主义对Kerma文化的影响，以及在新王国帝国崩溃300年后，似乎被埃及化的Napatan国家出现的过程。 虽然该地区从未被适当调查过，但第四大瀑布对埃及帝国来说可能是一个相当重要的地区，因此很可能是记录埃及-努比亚互动以及埃及帝国主义对Kerma文化的影响的地区。 考古调查将确定基本的定居模式，并更具体地通过表面收集的陶瓷、其他诊断文物和适当的建筑风格来建立埃及-努比亚互动的模式。 将根据这一初步资料选择数量有限的墓地和定居点地点进行试掘。 对这些文物的分析将更精确地确定遗址的日期、功能和文化联系，并提供有关遗址地层和保护的信息，这将有助于制定未来更大规模挖掘的战略。 长期计划将包括一个双管齐下的调查，收集证据的建筑，物质文化和埋葬的做法，结合身体人类学分析的人类遗骸将领导的联合PI步行者。 体质人类学提供了一个独特的机会，以评估遗传关系，埃及或努比亚，并调查饮食，健康状况和性别角色的人谁住在调查中确定的社区。 在埃及，特别是努比亚考古学中使用人类学方法仍然很罕见。 对埃及和努比亚之间在第四大瀑布的互动的研究有可能提供一个跨文化接触的例子，可以活跃和扩大人类学考古学以及考古学和努比亚研究中的辩论。 该项目还将为项目工作人员提供研究生培训和宝贵的文化和知识交流，其中包括苏丹国家文物和博物馆公司的一名同事。 最后，这一重要的非洲东北部地区的考古遗产因在第四大瀑布建造新水坝而受到威胁，因此必须对这一地区进行考古记录。 如果今天不开展这项工作，我们可能永远失去机会，无法解决这些关于马达加斯加-努比亚在这一领域互动性质的迫切问题。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Stuart Smith and colleagues will conduct an archaeological survey at the fourth cataract of the Nile in Sudanese Nubia in order to examine the impact of Egyptian imperialism on the rise of the Nubian Napatan state. There is considerable debate concerning the effect of the New Kingdom Egyptian conquest on the Nubian Kerma culture, with some arguing that they assimilated to Egyptian norms, as did their northern Nubian neighbors, the C-Group, and others that they retained their native culture in spite of their absorption into the Egyptian New Kingdom empire (c. 1500-1050 BC). This question bears on the origins of the Napatan Kingdom of Kush, whose rulers became Pharaohs as the 25th Dynasty of Egypt (c. 750-600 BC), forging a state that lasted a thousand years (c. 750 BC - AD 350). The transition between New Kingdom rule and the emergence of Napata is poorly known and the available archaeological evidence is insufficient to resolve these debates. In order to understand the rise of one of Africa's oldest states, we must know more about the impact of Egyptian imperialism on the Kerma culture and the processes by which the seemingly Egyptianized Napatan state emerged 300 years after the collapse of the New Kingdom empire. Although the region has never been properly investigated, the fourth cataract was potentially an area of considerable importance to the Egyptian empire, and thus a likely area to document Egyptian-Nubian interactions and the impact of Egyptian imperialism on the Kerma culture. Archaeological survey will identify the basic settlement pattern and more specifically establish patterns of Egyptian-Nubian interaction through surface collected ceramics, other diagnostic artifacts, and architectural style where appropriate. A limited number of cemetery and settlement sites will be selected on the basis of this preliminary information for test excavation. The analysis of these artifacts will give a greater precision to the date, function and cultural affiliations of the sites, as well as providing information about site stratigraphy and preservation that will assist in the development of a future strategy for larger scale excavation. Long term plans will incorporate a two pronged investigation, collecting evidence for architecture, material culture and burial practice, combined with the physical anthropological analysis of human remains to be led by Co-PI Walker. Physical anthropology provides a unique opportunity to assess the genetic ties, Egyptian or Nubian, and investigate the diets, health status, and gender roles of the people who lived in the communities identified in the survey. The use of an anthropological approach in Egyptian and especially Nubian archaeology is still rare. An examination of the interaction between Egypt and Nubia at the fourth cataract has the potential to provide an example of cross-cultural contact that can enliven and extend debates within Anthropological Archaeology as well as Egyptology and Nubian Studies. The project will also provide graduate student training and a valuable cultural and intellectual exchange for the project's staff, which will include a colleague from the Sudanese National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums. Finally, the archaeological heritage of this important northeast African region is endangered by the construction of a new dam at the fourth cataract, making archaeological documentation of this area imperative. If this work is not undertaken today, we may lose forever the opportunity to address these compelling questions about the nature of Egyptian-Nubian interaction in this area.