Violent Regulation and Social-Ecological Transformation of Wetland Ecosystems in East Africa

大大小小的湿地是东非旱地稀树草原的生态和经济要素。在以降水多变和总体缺水为特征的更广泛的生态系统中，湿地生态丰富，但也很脆弱。因此，在过去的几十年里，湿地资源变得激烈竞争。奈瓦沙湖农用工业的迅速扩张和数万名工人的相关移民，恰逢社区间暴力升级，巴林戈湖资源问题政治化和民族化。该项目试图了解这两个湿地经济特区目前是如何通过暴力形式的监管转变的。暴力监管可以被定义为各种行为者诉诸直接和/或结构性暴力来决定对存在严重争议的社会-自然互动的监管的过程。因此，暴力监管既是一种手段，也是在快速转型的经济特区中围绕新的社会生态制度而斗争的社会斗争的一种表现。因此，该项目将把暴力管制作为一种谈判进程和反映湿地生态、社会和符号子系统耦合和重新耦合的社会和文化实践进行分析。

Large and small wetlands are ecologically and economically key elements of East African dryland savannahs. Within a wider ecosystem characterised by the variability of precipitation and the overall lack of water, wetlands are ecologically rich but also fragile SES. Therefore, wetland resources have become heavily contested during the past decades. The rapid expansion of agro-industries in the case of Lake Naivasha and the related immigration of tens of thousands of workers coincide with the escalation of intercommunity violence, the politisation and ethnicisation of resource issues in the case of Lake Baringo. The project seeks to understand how the two wetland SES are currently transformed through violent forms of regulation. Violent regulation can be defined as a process in which multifarious actors resort to direct and/ or structural violence to determine the regulation of deeply contested society-nature interactions. Violent regulation is, therefore, both a means and an expression of social struggles that are fought around new social-ecological regimes in rapidly transforming SES. Consequently, the project will analyse violent regulation as a negotiation process and as social and cultural practice that reflects the coupling and re-coupling of the ecological, social and semiotic subsystems of the wetlands.