Social Facilitation of Emotion Regulation in Adolescence

项目摘要 青少年表现出对情绪调节的高度需求[2-4]，但往往很难利用黄金- 标准的调节策略，如由于额叶外侧前叶发育不足而导致的认知重新评估 神经结构(即外侧前额叶皮质(LPFC))，它在认知控制中起着关键作用[5-8]。在… 同时，青少年对同龄人非常敏感[11，13-16]。值得注意的是，神经区域与 青少年时期的同伴影响，包括腹侧纹状体(VS)和腹内侧额叶皮质(VmPFC)， 在LPFC之前成熟。因此，青少年将独一无二地受益于旨在 适当的同伴影响机制，以提高情绪调节效能。这款R21的目标是 是与发育中的大脑合作，而不是反对它，利用青少年涌现的奖赏相关 VS，VMPFC替代LPFC调节青少年情绪。我们将管理一部小说 功能磁共振成像(FMRI)检查青少年(N=50)和 成年人(N=50)在朋友提供的帮助下更能有效地抑制负面情绪 对负面刺激的重新解释(即社会重新评价)，与他们单独重新解释刺激时相比 (即认知重新评估)[12]。具体地说，我们将调查社会重新评价是否更有效 在下调青少年和成人的负面情绪方面，比认知重新评估持续的时间更长(目的 1)。我们假设，社会重新评价将比认知重新评价更有效和持久 但这种影响在青少年中会更大，因为他们对同龄人的敏感度更高。 此外，我们将确定支持社会和认知重新评估的神经机制，并 描述这些机制中与年龄有关的差异(目标2)。我们将重点研究在 杏仁核、LPFC、VS和VMPFC，以及这些区域之间的功能连接。我们 假设LPFC-杏仁核连接将支持认知重新评估，这将在 成人和青少年，而杏仁核和VMPFC-杏仁核的连接将支持社会 重新评估。虽然青少年的VS-杏仁核连接可能比成年人更强，但VMPFC- 杏仁核的连通性可能不会被认为这一途径在青春期仍在发展[21，76]。我们 预计社会重新评价将对杏仁核产生更具变革性的影响，从而产生更持久的影响。 基于负面刺激的表征，特别是在青少年中，并将使用表征相似性 来检验这一假设的分析。考察社会再评价的有效性和神经基础 青少年与成人的对比是促进我们对社会背景如何形成理解的重要一步 情绪调节神经发育，目的是改善青少年健康并奠定基础 在成年后保持积极的情绪健康。

Project Summary Adolescents demonstrate a high need for emotion regulation [2-4], but often struggle to employ gold- standard regulatory strategies such as cognitive reappraisal due to underdeveloped lateral prefrontal neuroarchitecture (i.e. lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC)), which plays a crucial role in cognitive control [5-8]. At the same time, adolescents are exquisitely sensitive to their peers [11,13-16]. Notably, neural regions linked to peer influence in adolescence, including ventral striatum (VS) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), mature prior to LPFC. Thus, adolescents are uniquely poised to benefit from a social intervention designed to appropriate peer influence mechanisms towards enhancing emotion regulation efficacy. The goal of this R21 is to work with the developing brain, not against it, to utilize adolescent-emergent reward-related circuitry (VS, VMPFC) instead of LPFC to regulate emotion in adolescents. We will administer a novel paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether adolescents (N = 50) and adults (N = 50) are more effective at down-regulating negative affect when a friend provides them with reinterpretations of negative stimuli (i.e. social reappraisal), as compared to when they reinterpret stimuli alone (i.e., cognitive reappraisal) [12]. Specifically, we will investigate whether social reappraisal is more effective and longer-lasting than cognitive reappraisal in down-regulating negative affect in adolescents and adults (Aim 1). We hypothesize that social reappraisal will be more effective and enduring than cognitive reappraisal in both groups, but that this effect will be larger in adolescents given their heightened sensitivity to peers. Furthermore, we will identify the neural mechanisms supporting social versus cognitive reappraisal and characterize age-related differences in these mechanisms (Aim 2). We will focus on examining activation in the amygdala, LPFC, VS, and VMPFC, as well as functional connectivity between these regions. We hypothesize that LPFC-amygdala connectivity will support cognitive reappraisal, which will be stronger in adults versus adolescents, whereas VS-amygdala and VMPFC-amygdala connectivity will support social reappraisal. While VS-amygdala connectivity is likely to be stronger in adolescents than adults, VMPFC- amygdala connectivity might not be given that this pathway is still developing during adolescence [21,76]. We expect that social reappraisal will have a more transformative and thus longer-lasting effect on amygdala- based representations of negative stimuli, particularly in adolescents, and will use representation similarity analysis to test this hypothesis. Examining the efficacy and neural underpinnings of social reappraisal in adolescents versus adults is an important step in advancing our understanding of how social contexts shape emotion regulation neurodevelopment, with the aim of improving adolescent health and laying the groundwork for positive emotional wellbeing into adulthood.