Ship-Board Atmospheric Sounding over the Kuroshio Extension: A Supplement to CLIVAR KESS

黑潮伸展（KE）是一个深冬混合层允许局地和远地强迫次地表变率在年代际和更长时间尺度上影响海表温度（SST）的区域。黑潮延伸系统研究（KESS）是一项野外试验，旨在“研究控制黑潮延伸与再环流变异性及其相互作用的动力学和热力学过程”。虽然最近的研究表明，KE地区的海温锋影响地面风、云、大气斜压性和风暴路径，但该地区很少有必要的现场观测来验证这些海洋-大气影响的假设。计划于2005年5月/ 6月及2006年6月在KESS巡航上发射全球定位系统探空仪，收集温度、湿度、压力及风速的垂直剖面图。这些观测，连同已经获得资助的KESS海洋学组成部分，将产生从海平面以下1公里到海平面以上20公里的温度和流速的海洋-大气联合样带。将这些野外测量结果与卫星观测相结合的分析将提供以下方面的新见解：(i)大气边界层对尖锐海温锋的调整；（ii）东岸以北的雾及层云甲板的形成及变化；（三）海洋在维持大气风暴路径中的作用。此次研究增加了可以研究KE对地区气候影响的大气探测，扩大了KESS的范围。船载gps探空仪观测几乎不需要额外的航行时间，在2003-04年冬季，PI和他的合作者在该地区成功进行的巡航调查中，后勤和可行性已经确立。观测和分析将提高我们对KE对大气的影响及其与大气的相互作用的理解。更广泛的影响。梅雨白锋是东亚地区最重要的气候现象。这项研究对海洋在这一现象的形成和变化中的作用提供了更好的描述和理解，从而有助于提高社会规划和应对其天气和气候的能力。所得的观测数据将通过KESS项目网站和夏威夷大学亚太数据研究中心的数据服务器向社区发布。这项研究促进了海洋学家和气象学家之间以及美国和日本科学家之间的跨学科和国际合作。

The Kuroshio Extension (KE) is a region where the deep winter mixed layer allows locally and remotely forced subsurface variability to affect sea surface temperature (SST) on decadal and longer timescales. The Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS) is a field experiment to "study the dynamic and thermodynamic processes governing the variability of, and the interaction between, the Kuroshio Extension and the recirculation gyre". While recent studies suggest that SST fronts in the KE region affect surface wind, cloud, atmospheric baroclinicity and storm track, few in-situ observations exist in this region that are necessary to test hypotheses regarding these ocean-atmospheric influences.The PIs will launch Global Positioning System sondes on the KESS cruises planned for May/June 2005 and 2006, acquiring vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, pressure and wind velocity. These observations, together with already funded KESS oceanographic component, will yield joint ocean-atmospheric transects of temperature and flow velocity from 1 km below the sea surface to 20 km above. Analysis of these field measurements combined with satellite observations will offer new insights into:(i) atmospheric boundary-layer adjustment to sharp SST fronts;(ii) the formation and variations of fog and stratus cloud deck north of the KE; and,(iii) ocean's role in maintaining the atmospheric storm track. The research expands the scope of KESS by adding atmospheric sounding that allows the study of KE's effect on regional climate. Shipboard GPS-sonde observations require little additional ship time, and the logistics and feasibility have been established in cruise surveys the PI and his collaborators successfully conducted over the region in the 2003-04 winter. The observations and analysis will improve our understanding of KE's influence on and interaction with the atmosphere. Broader impacts. The Meiyu-Baiu front is the most important climate phenomenon for East Asia. This research offers a better description and understanding of the ocean's role in formation and variations of this phenomenon, thereby helping enhance society's ability to plan and respond to its weather and climate. The resultant observational data, will be disseminated to the community via the KESS project website and the University of Hawaii (UH) Asian-Pacific Data Research Center's data servers. The research fosters interdisciplinary and international collaborations between oceanographers and meteorologists, and between US and Japanese scientists.