Local Labor Market Effects on Immigrant and Black Employment Outcomes

在过去几十年中，城市变化的巨大力量导致了新的种族和族裔不平等模式。经济的转变，如不断扩大的服务业和与移民相关的人口变化，导致了一个两极分化的劳动力市场，按种族、出生地和性别进行了大幅排序。然而，并不是所有的美国城市都以同样的方式经历了经济结构调整，也不是所有城市都经历了同样的人口趋势。不同城市的当地劳动力市场制度也各不相同。这项研究将通过探索经济结构调整(如从制造业向服务业的转变)、人口结构变化(如移民人口的增长)和当地劳动力市场制度(如政策监管和工会)的影响，记录并解释移民和本土黑人就业结果的地理差异模式。将对美国各大城市进行比较，以确定和解释当地种族和民族就业结果的差异模式。此外，本研究还纳入了关于个体工人和群体的信息，以判断劳动力市场结构与个人和群体特征之间的影响，以解释不同的就业结果。具体地说，这项研究测试了社会资本等民族资源在多大程度上为一些工人提供了在低工资劳动力市场上的优势，以及这些民族资源的成功是否可能取决于当地劳动力市场的条件。在方法上，这项研究利用1990年和2000年人口普查公共使用的微观数据样本和包括分层建模在内的统计技术对美国多个大都市地区进行比较分析。通过对当地劳动力市场结构对移民和土生土长的少数民族就业的考察，该项目将解释种族和民族不平等模式的地理差异，以及产生和维持这种不平等的个体和结构性机制。该项目将通过揭示与全球化相关的过程(如经济和人口结构调整)如何在低工资劳动力市场产生变化，以及这些变化在美国不同城市对不同群体的差异，为美国国内关于全球化的社会经济影响的辩论提供明确的地理视角。该项目的调查结果可能有助于解决就业中的种族不平等问题的政策讨论，特别是在经济和劳动力发展领域。

Dramatic forces of urban change during the last several decades have given rise to new patterns of racial and ethnic inequality. Shifts in the economy such as the expanding service sector and population changes associated with immigration have engendered a polarized labor market sharply ordered by race, place of birth, and gender. However, not all American cities have experienced economic restructuring in the same way, nor have they experienced the same demographic trends. Local labor market institutions differ across cities as well. This research will document and explain patterns of geographic difference in immigrant and native-born Black employment outcomes through an exploration of the effects of economic restructuring (such as a shift from manufacturing to services), demographic change (such as the growing immigrant population), and local labor market institutions (such as policy regulation and unionization). Comparisons will be made across large U.S. cities in order to identify and explain patterns of local difference in racial and ethnic employment outcomes. In addition, this research incorporates information about individual workers and groups in order to adjudicate between the effects of labor market structure and individual and group characteristics in an explanation of differential employment outcomes. Specifically, the research tests the degree to which ethnic resources, such as social capital, provide some workers with advantages in the low-wage labor market and whether the success of these ethnic resources may depend upon local labor market conditions. Methodologically, this research engages a comparative analysis of multiple U.S. metropolitan areas using 1990 and 2000 Census Public-Use Microdata Samples and statistical techniques including hierarchical modeling.Through its examination of local labor market structure on the employment of immigrants and native-born minorities, this project will explain geographic differences in patterns of racial and ethnic inequality and the mechanisms-individual and structural-that generate and sustain this inequality. This project will contribute an explicit geographic perspective to debates regarding the socio-economic impacts of globalization within the U.S. by revealing how processes linked to globalization, such as economic and demographic restructuring, generate change in the low-wage labor market and how these changes differ across U.S. cities for different groups. This project's findings could contribute to policy discussions addressing racial inequality in employment, particularly in the realms of economic and workforce development.