Wastewater from Olive Oil Mills in Israel and Palestine: Interactions with Soil and Agrochemicals, and Mechanisms of Incorporation into Soil -Finalization of field and process study

由于橄榄油废水经常被排放到环境中，橄榄油废水在巴勒斯坦和以色列是一个严重的环境问题。如果通过适当的施用策略可以克服土壤疏水化和植物毒性，它可以作为土壤肥料。我们的目标是：（i）了解OMW-土壤相互作用过程及其对土壤润湿性，植物毒性和与农用化学品相互作用的影响;（ii）监测实验室和田间研究中OMW应用的短期和长期影响;（iii）确定负责土壤性质变化的组分;（iv）分析OMW OM与土壤在气候条件下相互作用的机制。在前两年，我们完成了筛选研究。在现场（Gilat和Bait Reema）和实验室研究中，我们调查了OMW应用的季节性条件对土壤质量的影响。这些实地地点分别代表了以色列南部的现代橄榄种植和西岸的传统巴勒斯坦橄榄农业。这些地区在土壤类型和质地、耕作强度、气候和灌溉方面存在很大差异。在本提案中，我们要求延长第三年，以便能够按计划完成田间试验和实验室研究。这将完成现场和实验室实验的数据集，以便得出关于过程和机制的最终结论，并成为可验证的。气候条件、过程和OMW效应之间的有趣关系预示了OMW化合物的可逆转退化、可逆吸附和物理固定之间的密切相互作用，它们表明了OMW效应的程度和持久性如何反映位置差异。通过最终采样事件和实验室孵育研究完成的数据，可以验证结果。这需要在2014年夏末进行最后一次采样，并在2013年下半年完成对采样的土壤分析。实验室实验需要最终数据和植物毒性分析，对Gilat来说，还需要最终确定一套条件。从田间试验和室内试验中采集的样品将研究其斥水性（接触角、水滴穿透时间）、植物毒性（水芹发芽试验）、碳同位素比（δ 13 C）、对西玛津和敌草隆的线性吸附系数以及热特性（包括不耐热和耐热OM的量和热值）。由此产生的过程的理解将打开一个角度OMW废水再利用的小规模和家庭规模的橄榄油生产企业在地中海地区，并将进一步帮助理解到现在为止还没有完全解开的影响废水灌溉对土壤的防水性。

Due to the often practised disposal into the environment, olive mill wastewater (OMW) is a serious environmental problem in Palestine and Israel. It could act as fertilizer for soil if soil hydrophobization and phytotoxicity can be overcome by suitable application strategies. Our objectives are (i) to understand OMW-soil interaction processes and their effects on soil wettability, phytotoxicity and interaction with agrochemicals; (ii) to monitor short-term and long-term effects of OMW application in lab and field studies; (iii) to identify components responsible for changes in soil properties and (iv) to analyse interaction mechanisms of OMW OM with soil in interplay with climatic conditions. In the first two years, we completed the screening study. In field (Gilat and Bait Reema) and lab studies, we have investigated the influence of seasonal conditions of OMW application on soil quality. The field sites are typically representative for modern olive cultivation in South Israel and for traditional Palestinian olive agriculture in the West Bank, respectively. They strongly differ from each other with respect to soil type and texture, cultivation intensity, climate and irrigation.In this proposal, we ask for extension by a third year, in order to be able to finish the field experiments and the lab studies as planned. This will complete the datasets of field and lab experiments in order to draw final conclusions on the processes and mechanisms and to become publishable.The interesting relations between climatic conditions, processes and OMW effects foreshadow the intensive interplay between deversible egradation, reversible sorption and physical immobilization of OMW compounds, and they show how locational differences are reflected in the degree and persistence of the OMW effects. Verification of the findings will be possible with the data from the finalizing sampling events and the completion of lab incubation studies. This requires a final sampling in late summer 2014 and completion of soil analyses of the samples taken in late 2013. Lab experiments require final data and phytotoxicity analysis and, for Gilat, finalization of the set of conditions. Samples from field experiments and laboratory experiments will be investigated for their water repellency (contact angle, water drop penetration time), their phytotoxicity (cress germination tests), their carbon isotopic ratio (delta13C), their linear sorption coefficient towards simazine and diuron and their thermal characteristics including amount of thermolabile and thermostable OM and their calorific value. The resulting process understanding will open a perspective for OMW wastewater reuse in small-scale and family-scale olive oil production businesses in the Mediterranean area and will further help to comprehend the until now not fully unravelled effects of wastewater irrigation on soil water repellency.