Forms of Exchange and Integrative Outcomes: Effects of History and Embeddedness

作者：Linda D. Molm, University of arizonuniversity（题目：交换形式与整合结果：历史与嵌入性的影响）项目摘要：正如组织学者在详实的民族志研究中所展示的那样，交换关系的历史与嵌入性都存在于民族志研究中。在更广泛的社会关系中，经济交换影响着交换伙伴对彼此的感觉，对彼此的信任，以及彼此之间的互动。这个项目带来了严格的实验室实验和一个完善的理论来承担这些复杂的交换关系。在两个实验中，大学生被试通过电脑在小型（3人或4人）结构化网络中相互交流，这些网络提供了与其他合作伙伴进行重复交换的机会，这些交换可以将点数转换为金钱。第一个实验测试了不同的关系历史（互惠和协商形式的不同序列）如何影响交换伙伴之间的信任、尊重和团结的综合纽带；第二个测试不同的关系背景（在主要由另一种形式组成的持续关系中嵌入一种形式的交换）如何影响这些联系。该项目建立在一个长达十年的项目的基础上，该项目研究了不同形式的交换（互惠、协商和广义）如何影响综合纽带的发展。这项工作首次确立了彼此孤立存在的各种交换形式之间的巨大差异；这一阶段的计划是第一个研究两种直接交换形式的复杂顺序和并发组合。本研究将拓展互惠交换理论，提高自然环境下交换理论与研究的相关性，加强交换传统与组织学者之间的理论联系。该研究的广泛影响是相当可观的：它将(1)促进本科生和研究生直接参与和教育研究；(2)促进不同层次的分析（微观、中观和宏观）、研究方法（实验室实验和自然环境中的民族志研究）和学科（社会学、心理学、经济学、管理学、组织学、商学）之间的跨学科联系；(3)解决一个日益重要的社会问题：如何构建增强信任、社区和团结的社会组织和制度，以促进更有效和高效的经济交流和更令人满意的社会关系。

PI: Linda D. Molm, University of ArizonaTitle: Forms of Exchange and Integrative Outcomes: Effects of History and EmbeddednessSES-0814317Project AbstractAs organizational scholars have shown in richly-detailed ethnographic studies, both the history of exchange relations and the ?embeddedness? of economic exchanges in broader social relationships affect how exchange partners feel about one another, trust one another, and interact with one another. This project brings the rigor of laboratory experimentation and a well developed theory to bear on these complex exchange relations. In two experiments, college student subjects interact with one another via computer in small (3- and 4-actor) structured networks that offer the opportunity to engage in repeated exchanges with alternative partners for points that are converted into money. The first experiment tests how different relationship histories (different sequences of reciprocal and negotiated forms of exchange) affect integrative bonds of trust, regard, and solidarity between exchange partners; the second tests how different relationship contexts (the embedding of one form of exchange within an ongoing relation consisting primarily of the other form) affect these bonds. The project builds on previous work in a decade-long program investigating how different forms of exchange (reciprocal, negotiated, and generalized) affect the development of integrative bonds. That work was the first to establish dramatic differences between forms of exchange existing in isolation from one another; this phase of the program is the first to study complex sequential and concurrent combinations of the two direct exchange forms. The work will extend the reciprocity theory of exchange, increase the relevance of the theory and research for exchanges in natural settings, and strengthen theoretical linkages between the exchange tradition and organizational scholars. The broader impacts of the research are considerable: it would (1) promote the direct participation and education of undergraduate and graduate students in research; (2) facilitate interdisciplinary connections across different levels of analysis (micro, meso, and macro), research methodologies (laboratory experiments and ethnographic research in natural settings), and disciplines (sociology, psychology, economics, management, organizations, business); and (3) address an increasingly important societal question: how to construct social organizations and institutions that enhance trust, community, and solidarity, in order to promote more effective and efficient economic exchanges and more satisfying social relationships.