Consequences of Selection by a Specialized Florivore on Chemical Defense and Attraction in Pastinaca Sativa

贸易全球化使了解入侵物种的生物学成为高度优先事项。许多杂草利用毒素来抵御消费者，但在入侵地区，从天敌那里解脱出来的植物往往会随着时间的推移而失去毒性。然而，当它们的祖先敌人通过意外或故意的引入追上它们时，新的伤害可能会带来更多的化学防御投资。由于植物也依赖化学物质来吸引传粉者，逃离祖先的敌人以及随后重新认识祖先也可能会影响入侵杂草产生种子和扩大范围的能力。这些关系将在取食花卉的防风草网虫及其寄主植物野生防风草中进行研究。尽管这种互动原产于欧洲，但在北美和自2004年以来的新西兰，这种互动是侵入性的。最近对新西兰的入侵提供了一个非同寻常的机会，可以记录入侵杂草的进化反应，以便与适应的专家重新建立联系。方法论方法包括相互移植实验、植物化学分析和定量选择分析，以衡量草食对与传粉者和网虫吸引有关的植物化学物质的影响。这项工作的广泛影响包括提供跨学科研究生培训以确保21世纪的科学竞争力，并为初中/高中数学/科学教师提供专业发展项目、科普出版物、公共讲座、用户友好的网站和面向公众的书籍。这项工作还有助于设计入侵物种管理、生物多样性保护和恢复生态学的计划。

Globalization of trade has made understanding the biology of invasive species a high priority. Many weeds utilize toxins to fend off consumers, but in areas of invasion plants freed from their insect enemies often lose toxicity over time. When their ancestral enemies catch up with them through accidental or deliberate introduction, however, renewed damage may bring about increased investment in chemical defense. Because plants also rely on chemicals to attract pollinators, escape from and subsequent reacquaintance with ancestral enemies may also influence the ability of invasive weeds to produce seed and expand their range. These relationships will be examined in the flower-feeding parsnip webworm and its hostplant wild parsnip. Although native to Europe, this interaction is invasive in North America and, since 2004, in New Zealand. The recent invasion of New Zealand provides an extraordinary opportunity to document evolutionary responses in an invasive weed to re-association with an adapted specialist. Methodological approaches include reciprocal transplant experiments, phytochemical analyses, and quantitative selection analysis to measure impacts of herbivory on phytochemicals involved in pollinator and webworm attraction.Broader impacts of this work include providing interdisciplinary graduate training to insure 21st century scientific competitiveness and providing professional development projects for middle/high school math/science teachers, popular science publications, public lectures, a user-friendly website, and a book for the general public. This work can also contribute to designing programs for invasive species management, biodiversity conservation, and restoration ecology.