MRI: Development of PAEROS (Portable AERosol Observing System) for Global Observations

便携式气溶胶观测系统(PAEROS)是一个小型成套仪器的开发项目，一旦部署，预计将提供世界范围内的气溶胶和云凝结核(CCN)观测。小型自主网络是现场大气观测的未来，将极大地提高空间覆盖率、可靠性和成本效益。PAEROS的开发利用了PI开发的技术，使无人驾驶航空系统的有效载荷小型化和自动化(由NSF和NOAA资助)。紧凑型仪器包(行李箱大小，不到20公斤--比目前的系统小和轻一个数量级)将被设计为一次最多两个月的无人值守操作，以便部署在斯克里普斯海洋研究所(SIO)管理的科考船上，当它们穿越世界海洋时。一旦建成，PAEROS预计将用于选定的天文台，如环境观测(ORE)和全球大气观测(GAW)站点。CCN的长期数据集几乎不存在，因为过去需要频繁的用户干预，以及与容纳仪器的大型基础设施相关的高昂管理成本。自主微型系统的科学益处可能是巨大的，因为这些应用可以扩展到远程地面观测、轻型无人机、可互换的机翼吊舱、海洋船只和浮标--最终改善我们的科学。PIS的目标是将这一新系统作为一种可靠的、基于观测的气溶胶表征，用于气候研究，并作为全球气候模型气候变化模拟的模型输入。这项研究的基本目标是：-开发用于连续测量CCN(0.1-2%过饱和度；PI正在开发的微型CCN仪器)、气溶胶数值(凝结颗粒计数器)和粒度分布(10-1000 nm；扫描移动性颗粒测定仪和光学颗粒计数器)、吸收气溶胶(单颗粒烟尘光度计)、温度、相对湿度、压力、风速和方向的微型自主气溶胶套件。目标是实现一个小手提箱(约60×40×30厘米)大小、重量不到20公斤的耐候性观测系统。-将CCN仪器的操作扩展到用单个色谱柱测量连续过饱和光谱。-将静电分级器与CCN和吸附碳(AC)测量结合起来，测量CCN和AC的尺寸分布(以及传统的数字尺寸分布)，以提取作为过饱和度和尺寸函数的气溶胶的化学信息。-在本地实验期间，在斯克里普斯码头和R/V Horizon(斯克里普斯)上运行PAEROS，以验证仪器性能并为连续观测准备包。智力价值：对气溶胶(特别是云凝结核)的强有力的仪器和长期观测对于揭示气溶胶-云相互作用及其对地球辐射收支的影响至关重要。SIO科考船为研究气溶胶的自然和人为来源及其对云层的影响提供了进入世界海洋的关键通道。更广泛的影响：PAEROS的发展涉及国家科学委员会定义的更广泛影响的所有五个组成部分。PAEROS将极大地扩展大气研究界测量气溶胶和CCN的能力，超越当前技术的限制。通过让学生和实习生直接参与研究，以及PI参与一项劳动力倡议，该项目促进了教学、培训和学习，特别注意扩大科学和工程领域代表性不足的群体的参与。PIS的工作将通过开发和广泛传播下一代技术和仪器来加强研究的基础设施。实验者和模型师都使用收集的数据，这些数据将导致越来越强大的全球气候模型，增强对自然和人为气候变化的理解，并最终为关键的环境决策提供信息。

The Portable AERosol Observing System (PAEROS) is a development project for a miniaturized instrument package that, when deployed, is expected to provide worldwide observations of aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Small autonomous networks are the future of in-situ atmospheric observations and will dramatically increase spatial coverage, reliability and cost efficiency. The development of PAEROS utilizes techniques developed by the PI to miniaturize and automate payloads for unmanned aerial systems (funded by NSF and NOAA). The compact instrument package (suit-case size and less than 20 kg -an order of magnitude smaller and lighter than current systems) will be designed to operate unattended for up to two months at a time for deployment on research vessels managed by Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) as they traverse the world's oceans. Once built, PAEROS is expected to be used at selected observatories, such as Observatoires de Recherche en Environnment (ORE) and Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) sites. Long-term data sets of CCN are virtually non-existent because of the past need for frequent user intervention and high overhead costs associated with the large infrastructure to house the instrumentation. The science benefits of autonomous miniature systems will be potentially numerous as the applications can be extended to remote-ground observations, lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles, interchangeable wing pods, oceanographic vessels and buoys - ultimately improving our science. It is the PIs' goal that this new system serves as a reliable and observationally-based characterization of aerosols that will be used for climate studies and as model input for Global Climate Model simulations of climate change. The fundamental objectives of this research are to:- develop miniature autonomous aerosol packages for continuous measurements of CCN (0.1 to 2% supersaturation; miniature CCN instruments under development by PI at SIO), aerosol number (condensation particle counter) and size distribution (10 to 1000 nm; scanning mobility particle sizer and optical particle counter), absorbing aerosols (single particle soot photometer), temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed and direction. The goal is to achieve a weatherproof observing system the size of a small suitcase (ca. 60 × 40 × 30 cm) which weighs less than 20 kg.- extend the operation of the CCN instrument to measure continuous supersaturation spectra with a single column. - couple the electrostatic classifier with CCN and absorbing carbon (AC) measurements for CCN and AC size distributions (as well as traditional number size distributions) to extract chemical information of the aerosols as a function of supersaturation and size. - operate PAEROS on the Scripps Pier and R/V Horizon (Scripps) during local experiments to verify instrument performance and prepare package for continuous observations. Intellectual Merit: Robust instrumentation and long-term observations of aerosols (especially cloud condensation nuclei) are essential to unraveling aerosol-cloud interactions and their effect on the earth's radiative budget. SIO research vessels provide critical access to the world's oceans for studying natural and anthropogenic sources of aerosols and their effect on clouds. Broader Impact: The development of PAEROS addresses all five components of Broader Impacts as defined by the National Science Board. PAEROS will dramatically expand the capability of the atmospheric research community to measure aerosols and CCN, transcending the limitations of current technology. Through direct involvement of students and interns in the research, and PI involvement in a workforce initiative, this project promotes teaching, training and learning with special attention to broadening the participation of groups underrepresented in science and engineering. The PIs' work will enhance the infrastructure for research through development and broad dissemination of next-generation technology and instrumentation. Used by experimentalists and modelers alike, the data collected will lead to increasingly robust global climate models, enhance understanding of natural and anthropogenic climate change, and ultimately inform critical environmental decision-making.