NEESR II: Mitigating the Risk of Coastal Infrastructure through understanding Tsunami-Structure Interaction and Modeling

该奖项是NSF 08-519项目征集“小乔治·E·布朗地震工程模拟(NEES)研究网络(NEESR)”竞赛的结果，该奖项包括俄勒冈州立大学(牵头机构)、科罗拉多州立大学(分奖机构)和德克萨斯农工大学金斯维尔分奖机构(分奖机构)。美国目前的海啸疏散战略将大量人口置于高风险之中，因为它要求每个人都疏散受灾地区，而没有考虑使用高层建筑作为避难所的可能性。不愿采取垂直疏散战略的部分原因是无法估计洪灾地区一系列建筑类型的破坏程度，包括钢筋混凝土(例如现代酒店)、非钢筋混凝土砖石单元(例如旧汽车旅馆、轻型商业建筑)和轻型木结构建筑(主要是住宅和一些轻型商业建筑)。该项目的目标是通过研究洪水地区倒塌建筑物的水流和泥石流灾害来模拟建筑物的破坏。这将有助于我们了解对城市和城镇的预期破坏，并设计出能够承受这些力量的建筑物。作为这一新方法的第一步，我们将重点关注占美国建筑总量90%的住宅(轻型木结构)建筑，这些建筑是人们一天中大约一半时间花费的地方，因为这些沿海社区的住宅建筑数量庞大，了解海啸对这些建筑的影响和预期的破坏程度对于减少损失和生命损失是必要的。该NEESR-II项目的目标是：(1)开发一种方法，通过系统的实验研究和失效概率的数值分析，评估住宅结构物遭受海啸淹没和海浪的风险；(2)通过制定代表海啸期间水力冲击/力的结构测试规程，使创新的翻新产品得以开发；以及(3)根据一系列波浪池测试，完善ASCE7中的当前水力公式，以考虑建筑密度和其他变量。这一变革性的项目建立在区域范围内海啸淹没的知识基础上，以及其他NEESR项目对建筑物范围内海啸结构的理解。该项目还整合了新的大规模物理模拟和数值模拟工作，以减少全社区海啸淹没事件中建筑物损坏和生命损失的结构风险。为了实现项目目标，将在俄勒冈州立大学的NEES海啸设施中使用大浪水槽和海啸波盆地设施，在三年内进行几次大规模测试。这些测试将标志着首次对美国住宅结构进行大规模海啸测试。该项目与日本首屈一指的沿海基础设施研究中心港口和机场研究所(PARI)建立了合作关系。目前，帕里的海啸和风暴潮司正在开发一系列嵌套的数值模式，可以模拟各种空间尺度上的海啸传播和淹没，包括海啸对建筑物的影响。该项目将具有重要的教育意义，它将培养两名研究生，一名在俄勒冈州立大学，另一名在科罗拉多州立大学，以及每年一名来自德克萨斯农工大学金斯维尔的本科生，这是一所为少数族裔服务的机构。这项研究将渗透到俄亥俄州立大学、密歇根州立大学和塔穆金斯维尔分校的基础本科和研究生工程课程中，以提高人们对工程师S在暴露在自然力下的房屋和建筑设计中的角色和责任的认识。该项目的扩展方面也将集中在通过一个与海啸-结构相互作用相关的动手设计项目来加强学习，该项目是通过NEES@OSU站点以外的大学一年级工程学生的实践设计项目来实现的。除了这项活动外，该项目还将通过与两个全国著名的科学与工业博物馆的合作，向公众开放：一个在俄勒冈州波特兰，另一个在伊利诺伊州芝加哥。该项目团队将帮助芝加哥博物馆为科学风暴开发海啸内容，这是博物馆的一个高可见度的大型展览，每年接待超过150万参观者、学生、家长和教师。该团队将与俄勒冈州博物馆合作，向公众宣传工程研究的重要性。该项目还支持一名理科教师利用技术加强对科学、技术和经济学科的学习。该项目的数据将通过国家教育政策数据库(http://www.nees.org))提供

This award is an outcome of the NSF 08-519 program solicitation ''George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Research (NEESR)'' competition and includes the Oregon State University (lead institution), Colorado State University (subaward), and Texas A&M University, Kingsville (subaward).The current tsunami evacuation strategy in the U.S. puts large populations at high risk because it requires everyone to evacuate the flooded areas and does not consider the possibility of using tall buildings for shelter. Part of the unwillingness to adopt vertical evacuation strategies stems from an inability to estimate the damage level in the flooded area for a range of building types, including reinforced concrete (e.g., modern hotel), unreinforced concrete masonry units (e.g., older motel, light commercial) and light-frame wood (mostly residential and some light commercial) structures. The goal of this project is to model building damage by studying water flow and debris hazard of collapsed buildings in the flooded areas. This will help us understand the expected damage to cities and town and to design buildings to withstand these forces. As a first step of this new approach, we will focus on residential (light-frame wood) buildings which make up 90% of the building stock in the US and are where people spend approximately half of the hours in their day, Because of the sheer number of residential buildings in these coastal communities, understanding tsunami impact on these structures and the expected damage level is necessary to reduce damage and loss of life. The goals of this NEESR-II project are to (1) develop a methodology to assess the risk of residential structures to tsunami inundation and wave forces through a systematic experimental study coupled with a numerical probability of failure analysis; (2) enable the development of innovative retrofit products by developing a structural testing protocol that is representative of hydraulic impact/forces during a tsunami; and (3) refine the current hydraulic force equation in ASCE 7 based on a series of wave basin tests to account for building density and other variables. This transformative project builds on the knowledge base of tsunami inundation at regional scales and the tsunami-structure understanding at the building scale from other NEESR projects. This project also integrates new large-scale physical modeling and numerical modeling efforts to mitigate both structural risk to building damage and loss of life in a community-wide tsunami inundation event. To accomplish the project objectives, several large-scale tests will be conducted over three years at the NEES Tsunami Facility at Oregon State University using both the Large Wave Flume and Tsunami Wave Basin Facilities. The tests will mark the first time that large-scale tsunami tests will be conducted for US residential structures.This project develops a collaboration with the Port and Airport Research Institute (PARI), Japan's premier research center for coastal infrastructure. Currently, the Tsunami and Storm Surge Division of PARI is developing a series of nested numerical models that can model tsunami propagation and inundation over a wide range of spatial scale, including tsunami forces on buildings. This project will have an important educational aspect by training two graduate students, one at Oregon State and the other at Colorado State, and one undergraduate research student per year from Texas A&M University-Kingsville, a minority serving institution. This research will permeate to basic undergraduate and graduate engineering courses at OSU, CSU, and TAMU-Kingsville to increase awareness of the engineer?s role and responsibility in the design of houses and buildings exposed to the forces of nature.Outreach aspects of this project will also focus on the use of technology to enhance learning via a hands-on design project related to tsunami-structure interaction for first year engineering students at universities outside the NEES@OSU site. In addition to this activity, the project as a whole will reach the general public through collaborations with two nationally known Museums of Science and Industry: one in Portland, OR, and the other in Chicago, IL. The project team will help the Chicago museum develop tsunami content for Science Storms, a high-visibility, marquee exhibit at the Museum, which welcomes over 1.5 million visitors, students, parents and teachers each year. The team will work with the Oregon museum on communicating the importance of engineering research to the general public. The project also supports one science teacher on the use of technology to enhance the learning of STEM subjects.Data from this project will be made available through the NEES data repository (http://www.nees.org)