NEESR-CR: Tsunami Generation by Landslides: Integrating Laboratory Scale Experiments, Numerical Models and Natural Scale Applications

该奖项是NSF 09-524项目征集“小乔治·E·布朗地震工程模拟(NEES)研究网络(NEESR)”竞赛的结果，包括佐治亚理工学院(牵头机构)、阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分奖(分奖)和德克萨斯农工大学加尔维斯顿分奖(分奖)。该项目将利用俄勒冈州立大学的NEES海啸波盆地。海啸通常与海底地震有关，例如2004年的印度洋海啸，这些地震的波高受到海底位移的限制。相比之下，滑坡和火山喷发引发的海啸通常是地区性的，但占所有已知的超过100米的局部高度。一些最具灾难性的海啸是由火山喷发和山体滑坡引起的。过去300年中最致命的两次非构造海啸是由于云顶和喀拉喀托火山的重力或喷发火山岛坍塌。对于一些地震，例如2006年造成600人死亡的南爪哇海啸，有人提出大海啸是由海底巨型滑坡的破坏引发的。智慧价值：该项目的长期目标是通过在真实世界场景中对滑坡海啸演化的混合建模来改变对滑坡海啸风险的评估和缓解，在现实世界中，滑坡海啸的产生、传播和启动阶段重叠。罕见的现场测量大多局限于滑坡陡峭、沉积、海啸抬高和目击者的描述，而与滑坡运动和海啸演变相关的至关重要的数据缺乏。这项研究的目标是通过对完全三维的滑坡海啸情景进行物理和数值联合建模来弥补缺失的数据。这项拟议的工作建立在开发的、由国家科学基金会支持的(NEESR-SG奖CMMI-0421090)、可变形的滑坡海啸发生器的基础上，该发电机能够完全控制动态滑坡参数。为了实现这一目标，该项目将实现以下重要目标：(1)分析滑坡海啸的产生和震源抬升情景--将利用历史滑坡和海啸的特征来生成滑坡海啸的实验室和数值模型；(2)海啸波流域的实验方案--将基于良好约束的、真实世界滑坡引发的海啸和近震源抬升情景，设计一个联合的数值模拟和试验方案。特别关注的是锥形岛屿情景下向后抬升的震源，以及峡湾状受限海湾中的多个抬升；以及(3)滑坡引发的海啸模型的验证--将测量的滑坡和海啸特征与现有的真实世界观测进行比较，从而验证本研究中使用的物理、分析和数值模型。这项研究加强了对滑坡引发的海啸的认识、理解和建模，以减轻最致命的非结构性海啸灾害。拟议工作的原创性是基于其跨学科的性质，将实验和数值模拟与地质学、火山学和地球物理学相结合。广泛的影响：将滑坡海啸模拟从实验过渡到自然规模的应用不仅对工程而且对拯救生命具有广泛的意义。它将改变海啸和山体滑坡灾害的评估和缓解。部署的山体滑坡海啸发生器将补充NEES现有的海啸设施，并提供有效载荷机会。这项奖励提供的仪器资金将把NEES海啸波盆地的粒子成像测速(PIV)系统升级到整个社区的完全三维能力。这项研究的结果将被纳入本科生和研究生课程。研究成果将通过期刊出版物和在国家和国际会议上的陈述向广大科学和工程受众传播。将通过受欢迎的讲座接触到K-12学生，强调工程专业在减轻自然灾害方面的重要作用。项目组将与NEES海啸波盆地遗址协调教育和外联活动。与西海岸/阿拉斯加海啸预警中心(WC/ATWC)的合作将有助于将研究成果落实到海啸预警实践中，并惠及潜在用户。该项目的数据将被存档，并通过NEES数据库向公众提供。

This award is an outcome of the NSF 09-524 program solicitation "George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) Research (NEESR)" competition and includes the Georgia Institute of Technology (lead institution), the University of Alaska, Fairbanks (subaward), and Texas A&M University, Galveston (subaward). This project will utilize the NEES tsunami wave basin at Oregon State University.Tsunamis are commonly associated with submarine earthquakes, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which are limited in wave height by seafloor displacement. In contrast, landslide and volcanic eruption generated tsunamis are typically regionally confined but account for all known localized heights exceeding 100 meters. Some of the most catastrophic tsunamis are produced by volcanic eruptions and landslides. The two deadliest non-tectonic tsunamis in the past 300 years were due to gravitational or eruptive volcanic island collapses at Mount Unzen and Krakatoa. For some earthquakes, such as the 2006 South Java tsunami with 600 fatalities, it has been proposed that the large tsunamis were triggered by failure of the sea floor in the form of giant submarine landslides.Intellectual Merit: This project's long-term goal is to transform assessment and mitigation of the landslide tsunami hazard through hybrid modeling of landslide tsunami evolution in real world scenarios, where the generation, propagation, and runup stages overlap. Rare field measurements are mostly limited to landslide scarp, deposit, tsunami runup, and eyewitness accounts, while critically important data related to the landslide motion and tsunami evolution is lacking. The goal of the research is to compensate for missing data by combined physical and numerical modeling of fully three-dimensional landslide tsunami scenarios. The proposed work builds upon the developed, NSF-supported (NEESR-SG award CMMI-0421090), deformable landslide tsunami generator, which enables full control of the dynamic landslide parameters. Towards this goal, the following significant objectives will be achieved in this project: (1) analysis of landslide tsunami generation and source runup scenarios - the characteristics of historical landslides and tsunamis will be used to generate linked laboratory and numerical models of landslide tsunamis; (2) experimental program at tsunami wave basin - a joint numerical modeling and experimental program will be designed based on well-constrained, real-world landslide generated tsunami and near-source runup scenarios. Particular focus is on the source with backward runup for conical island scenarios and the multiple runup in confined fjord-like bays; and (3) validation of landslide generated tsunami models - the measured landslide and tsunami characteristics will be compared to existing real world observations providing a validation for physical, analytical and numerical models used in this research. This research enhances knowledge, understanding and modeling of landslide generated tsunamis towards mitigation of the deadliest, non-tectonic tsunami hazard. Originality of the proposed work is based on its interdisciplinary nature combining experimental and numerical modeling with geology, volcanology, and geophysics.Broader Impacts: Transitioning landslide tsunami modeling from experiments to natural scale applications has broad implications not only to engineering but also to saving lives. It will both transform assessment and mitigation of tsunami and landslide hazards. The deployed landslide tsunami generator will complement existing NEES tsunami facilities and provide payload opportunities. Instrumentation funds provided from this award will upgrade the particle imagery velocimetry (PIV) system at the NEES tsunami wave basin to full three-dimensional capabilities for the entire community. The results of this research will be incorporated into both undergraduate and graduate courses. The research results will be disseminated to a broad scientific and engineering audience through journal publications and via presentations at national and international meetings. K-12 students will be reached by popular lectures emphasizing the important role of engineering professions in mitigation of natural hazards. The project team will coordinate education and outreach activities with the NEES tsunami wave basin site. Collaboration with the West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WC/ATWC) will enable implementation of research results into tsunami warning practice and reach potential users. Data from this project will be archived and made available to the public through the NEES data repository.