Studies in Nuclear Physics and Fundamental Interactions at Indiana University

这个奖项的学术价值来自于我们在解决以下科学问题方面的领导作用：(1)质子的角动量如何在其各部分之间分布。质子内部三个夸克的自旋只占质子角动量的一小部分。剩下的一定在某个地方：我们在质子内部的夸克的“胶子”中寻找它。(2)为什么大爆炸给宇宙留下了我们今天看到的物质多于反物质的现象。宇宙不是物质和反物质的均匀混合，而是有更多的物质：这一点尚不清楚。如果在中子或电子中发现极微小的正负电荷分离，就可能提供重要线索。(3)中微子在低能时是否表现异常。在早期的实验中已经发现了一些线索：我们将继续寻找线索，开发测量中微子的新技术。(4)弱力到底有多强。我们将用中子来精确地校准弱力。随着我们的工作产生更广泛的影响，我们的研究活动为研究和教学大学、工业和国家实验室、医疗和计算机技术培养了下一代熟练和创新的博士科学家。我们参与NSF REU项目已有22年，此外，我们还接待了来自本科院校的本科生和访问教师，他们进行合作研究。我们指导我们的博士后，以促进他们未来进入教学和研究机构和科学界。我们发展以核技术为重点的本科生实验室，带领本科生到IUCF实地考察，并协助开展鼓励大学前参与印第安纳大学科学课程的项目。我们通过各种活动来唤醒当地公立学校系统学生的兴趣，通过参观当地高中的科学课程，担任当地科学博览会和州科学奥林匹克竞赛的评委，以及在印第安纳州博览会上展示物理演示，来接触当地社区。我们积极招募女性和少数族裔申请人担任集团和物理系的各级职位，并担任女性研究生研究奖学金和教员遴选委员会的成员。我们致力于通过实验室参观和开放日、科学咖啡馆讨论以及媒体上公众感兴趣的项目，让公众了解我们的活动。

This award derives its intellectual merit from our leadership in addressing the following scientific questions: (1) How the angular momentum of the proton is distributed among its parts. The spinning of the three quarks inside the proton only accounts for a small part of the proton's angular momentum. The rest must be somewhere: we search for it in the "gluons" which hold the quarks inside the proton. (2) Why the Big Bang left the universe with the surplus of matter over anti-matter that we see today. Instead of an equal mixture of matter and antimatter, the universe has much more matter: this is not understood. If extremely small separations of the positive and negative electrical charges within the neutron or electron are discovered, it could give an important clue. (3) Whether neutrinos behave oddly at low energy. Hints have been seen in earlier experiments: we will pursue the leads and develop new technologies to measure neutrinos. (4) How strong the weak force really is. We will use neutrons to precisely calibrate the weak force. As broader impacts of our work, our research activities educate the next generation of skilled and innovative PhD scientists for jobs in research and teaching universities, industry and national labs, and medical and computer technology. We have participated in the NSF REU program for 22 years and in addition we host several undergraduate students and visiting faculty from undergraduate institutions who conduct collaborative research. We mentor our postdocs to facilitate their future entry into teaching and research institutions and the scientific community. We develop undergraduate laboratories emphasizing nuclear technology, bring undergraduates on field trips to IUCF and assist with programs that encourage pre-college participation in the Indiana University science curriculum. We reach out to the local community through a variety of activities that awaken the interest of students in our local public school system, by visiting local high school science classes, acting as judges in local science fairs and for the State Science Olympiad, and presenting physics demonstrations at the Indiana State Fair. We actively recruit female and minority applicants for positions at all levels within the group and the physics department and serve on selection committees for graduate research fellowships for women and for faculty searches. We work to make our activities known to the public at large through laboratory tours and Open Houses, science café discussions, and items of public interest in the media.