Understanding Northern Hemisphere (NH) Summer Season Tropospheric Ozone Variability across the Northern Tropical Atlantic through Focused Upstream/Downstream Campaigns

本项目旨在了解2010年夏季西非和加勒比之间的北热带大西洋对流层臭氧变化的相关过程。特别是将在佛得角圣维森特进行臭氧探测仪测量；达喀尔，塞内加尔和巴巴多斯。计划每周发射臭氧探空仪和两个密集作业期（IOPs），其中IOP1在6月进行，IOP2在8 / 9月进行。IOP1的重点是与撒哈拉空气层有关的臭氧消耗，以及与撒哈拉以南非洲干旱季节后早期降雨事件引起的土壤氮氧化物脉冲有关的边界层臭氧增强。IOP2的重点是与非洲东风波（AEWs）闪电产生的氮氧化物有关的臭氧增强和与地面沉积有关的边界层臭氧消耗。这些测量将利用8月/ 9月期间三次飓风研究现场活动的额外数据，以及在巴巴多斯进行的集中气溶胶、微物理、降水现场活动。预计佛得角和巴巴多斯的地面臭氧、尘埃测量和其他测量（测高仪、激光雷达、表面氮氧化物、雷达）也将增加从这个项目获得的数据。“化学天气研究与预报”（WRF-CHEM）将在运动期间每天制作沙尘和预警模式预报，以协助定位臭氧探测器的发射目标。该项目将为大气科学和相关物理科学领域的10名本科生和研究生提供专业发展机会。学生将分成小组，负责臭氧探空仪的准备、预测讨论和臭氧探空仪/无线电探空仪的发射，并将通过Skype在三个地点参加每日简报。学生将学习臭氧探空仪的准备和臭氧探空仪/无线电探空仪的发射程序。霍华德大学的一名研究生和一名博士后将获得资助。教职员工和学生将通过与巴巴多斯的加勒比水文和气象研究所的合作获得研究机会，预计还将与塞内加尔达喀尔的谢赫·安塔·迪奥普大学的大气-海洋物理实验室Simeon Fongang继续合作。将寻求与佛得角圣维森特岛各机构开展外联活动。这项研究提供了一个将大气化学、气溶胶科学和热带气象学结合起来的机会，让学生们接触到这些子学科之间可能存在的协同作用。基础研究将在塞内加尔建立长期气溶胶和地表臭氧测量的能力，这些测量不仅可以应用于大气化学和气候强迫，还可以应用于呼吸系统疾病和公共卫生。

This project seeks to understand processes associated with tropospheric ozone variability across the northern tropical Atlantic Ocean between West Africa and the Caribbean during the summer of 2010. In particular, ozonesonde measurements will be made at Sao Vicente, Cape Verde; Dakar, Senegal and Barbados. Weekly ozonesonde launches and two intensive operations periods (IOPs) are planned with IOP1 occurring in June and IOP2 occurring during August/September. The focus of IOP1 is on ozone depletion associated with the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) and the enhancement of ozone in the boundary layer in association with a soil nitrogen oxides pulse from early rain events after the dry season in sub-Saharan Africa. The focus of IOP2 is on ozone enhancement associated with lightning-produced nitrogen oxides from African Easterly Waves (AEWs) and boundary layer ozone depletion associated with surface deposition. The measurements will take advantage of additional data from three hurricane research field campaigns during August/September, and a focused aerosol, microphysics, precipitation field campaign at Barbados. Surface ozone, dust measurements and other measurements (ceilometers, lidar, surface nitrogen oxides, radar) at Cape Verde and Barbados are also expected to augment data derived from this project. Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-CHEM) model forecasts for dust and AEWs will be produced on a daily basis during the campaign to help target ozonesonde launches.This program will provide opportunities for professional development for up to ten underrepresented undergraduate and graduate students in the atmospheric sciences and related physical sciences. Students will be divided up into teams and will be responsible for ozonesonde preparation, forecast discussions, and ozonesonde/radiosonde launches and will participate in the daily briefings via Skype at the three locations. Students will be taught ozonesonde preparation and ozonesonde/radiosonde launch procedures. One graduate student at Howard University will be supported along with a postdoctoral fellow. Research opportunities through collaboration for faculty and students will occur with the Caribbean Institute for Hydrology and Meteorology in Barbados and continued collaboration is expected with the Laboratory for Atmospheric-Oceanic Physics - Simeon Fongang at Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar, Senegal. Outreach activities will be sought with institutions on Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde. This research represents an opportunity to combine atmospheric chemistry, aerosol science and tropical meteorology, exposing students to the possible synergy that exists amongst these sub-disciplines. The basic research will build capacity in Senegal for long-term aerosol and surface ozone measurements that have applications not only to atmospheric chemistry and climate forcing but also to respiratory disease and public health.