DYNAmics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation / DYNAMO Subsurface Fluxes

DYNAMO是美国的一个研究项目，其总体目标是加快我们对印度洋马登-朱利安涛动（MJO）开始的关键过程的理解。DYNAMO由四个集成组件组成：现场活动、数据分析、建模和预测。该野外项目旨在观察MJO形成过程中云群的结构和演变、与大尺度环境的相互作用以及海气相互作用过程。该项目代表了海洋侧（地下）通量测量程序，以补充作为DYNAMO海气相互作用组件一部分的表面通量测量。DYNAMO的次地表通量程序主要关注赤道印度洋上海气相互作用，这是MJO形成的一个关键方面。该项目将提供印度洋屏障层、上层海洋混合和夹带以及一般表层行为的综合测量。在35天的时间里，将使用成熟的仪器和技术，对温度、盐度、洋流和湍流进行全面系统的上层海洋剖面分析。该实验的特别重点将是评估由于表面通量、依赖深度的太阳加热（使用原位光学仪器测量）和湍流热传输的地下散度（使用变色龙CTD/湍流剖面仪测量）的组合而引起的上层海洋热含量的变化。将从系泊阵列估计平流贡献。这些测量将为确定MJO开始阶段海洋/大气反馈背后的物理过程以及在大尺度海洋环流模式中对这些过程进行参数化提供基础。这些观测结果将被整合到DYNAMO/CINDY2011项目中，并提供给公众，以帮助了解和预测热带气候系统。目前，数值模型对这些过程的描述不足，阻碍了MJO启动的准确模拟和预测。更好地理解这些过程对于改进它们在数值模型中的表示是必不可少的。DYNAMO地下通量计划将向年轻科学家介绍热带气候系统中复杂的、多尺度的海气相互作用问题。DYNAMO观测结果将用于校准和验证卫星检索结果，有利于将其应用于比mjo相关问题更广泛的领域。DYNAMO活动所产生的MJO模拟和预测的改进将增强在季节内时间尺度上提供预测和评估产品的能力，用于社会风险管理和决策，并增强对气候预测的信心。

DYNAMO is a US research program motivated by the overall objective to expedite our understanding of processes key to the initiation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) over the Indian Ocean. DYNAMO consists of four integrated components: a field campaign, data analysis, modeling, and forecasting. The field program is designed to observe the structure and evolution of cloud populations, their interaction with the large-scale environment, and air-sea interaction processes during MJO initiation. This project represents the ocean-side (subsurface) flux measurement program to complement surface flux measurements which are part of the air-sea interaction component of DYNAMO. The DYNAMO subsurface flux program focuses on air-sea interaction in the upper equatorial Indian Ocean, a key aspect for MJO initiation. This project will provide comprehensive measurements of the Indian Ocean barrier layer, upper-ocean mixing and entrainment as well as general surface layer behavior. Comprehensive and systematic upper ocean profiling of temperature, salinity, currents and turbulence will be executed during 35 days using proven instrumentation and techniques. This experiment's special focus will be assessment of changes in upper ocean heat content due to the combination of surface fluxes, depth-dependent solar heating (measured using in situ optical instrumentation) and subsurface divergence of turbulence heat transport (measured using the Chameleon CTD/ turbulence profiler). Advective contributions will be estimated from mooring arrays. These measurements will provide the basis for a determination of the physical processes underlying ocean/atmosphere feedbacks during the MJO initiation phase and for the parameterization of these processes in large scale ocean circulation models. These observations will be integrated into the DYNAMO/CINDY2011 program and made available to the general community to aid in understanding and predicting tropical climate systems. Inadequate representations of these processes in numerical models presently inhibit accurate simulation and prediction of MJO initiation. A better understanding of these processes is essential for improving their representations in numerical models.The DYNAMO subsurface flux program will introduce young scientists to complex, multi-scale air-sea interaction problems in the tropical climate system. DYNAMO observations will be used to calibrate and validate satellite retrievals, benefiting their application to much broader areas beyond MJO-related problems. Improved MJO simulation and prediction born from DYNAMO activities will enhance the capacity to deliver prediction and assessment products on intra-seasonal timescales for societal risk management and decision making, and to strengthen confidence in climate projections.