Emergent Forms of Relatedness: Complex family forms, policing and incarceration in a poor urban neighborhood of Santiago, Chile

约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的克拉拉·韩博士将对智利圣地亚哥一个贫穷城市社区的监禁过程和社区治安方面亲属关系网络和规范的变化轮廓进行人种学研究。通过在集中警力导致高监禁率的贫穷城市社区进行纵向实地调查，这项研究将记录：1)亲属关系网络和道德义务是如何与监禁有关的；2)刑事诉讼程序在量刑时如何以及在多大程度上考虑了亲属关系义务；3)邻里社会和教会组织如何在道德上和物质上为新的纵向和横向亲属关系(例如，父母、祖父母和兄弟姐妹关系)提供可能性，以及这些关系的不同实现如何将邻里关系重塑为一种实际的社会形态。本研究将采用一系列民族志田野调查方法，包括在不同的邻里组织中的参与者观察、生活史和亲属关系表，以及对被监禁亲属的妇女的纵向访谈。主要的实地研究将补充对为该社区服务的刑事法院的公开法庭听证会的观察，对与被监禁亲属子女的亲属照顾有关的法律纠纷的档案研究，以及更广泛的法律和刑罚改革进程。这项研究的结果将补充关于监禁对家庭和邻里的社会影响的宏观层面的量化研究，通过从那些生活在监禁率较高的社区的人的角度来帮助理解亲属关系的做法和观念。鉴于当前由于美洲监狱人口增加而引发的关于刑罚改革的政策辩论，这项研究可以通过阐明应对与贫困有关的暴力和不安全的替代对策，以及社区本身产生和想象的对策，为这些辩论做出及时的贡献。

Dr. Clara Han, Johns Hopkins University, will conduct ethnographic research on the changing contours of kinship networks and norms in relation to the incarceration process and neighborhood-level policing in a poor urban neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. By conducting longitudinal fieldwork in a poor urban neighborhood where intensive policing has led to high rates of incarceration, this study will document: 1) how kinship networks and moral obligations are taking shape in relation to incarceration; 2) how and to what extent criminal procedure takes into account kinship obligations in sentencing; 3) how neighborhood social and ecclesiastical organizations morally and materially provide possibilities for new vertical and lateral kinship relations (for example, parenting, grandparenting, and siblingship) and how the varying realization of these relations reshape the neighborhood as an actual social form.This study will employ a range of ethnographic fieldwork methods, including participant-observation in diverse neighborhood organizations, life histories and kinship charts, and longitudinal interviews of women with incarcerated kin. Primary field research will be supplemented by observations of public court hearings in the criminal court that serves this neighborhood, archival research on legal disputes regarding kinship care for children of incarcerated kin as well as the wider processes of legal and penal reform. Findings from this study will complement macro-level quantitative studies on the social effects of incarceration on families and neighborhoods by contributing an understanding of the practices and ideas of kinship from the perspective of those who live in neighborhoods with high rates of incarceration. Given the contemporary policy debates on penal reform due to increasing prison populations across the Americas, this research can offer a timely contribution to these debates by illuminating alternative responses to poverty-related violence and insecurity, responses generated and imagined by neighborhoods themselves.