Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Transition to Agriculture in Southern Scandinavia

在国家科学基金会的支持下，库尔特·格伦先生将分析北欧埃尔特布勒(公元前5400-4000年)几个地点的中石器时代晚期和新石器时代早期的动物遗骸。和特里特贝赫(公元前4000-3500)南斯堪的纳维亚的文化。分析将在T.Douglas Price博士的监督下进行，涉及丹麦新西兰西北部的一系列挖掘遗址以及丹麦东部日德兰的一个过渡性贝类中间地带的材料，并将包括以前发布的数据。这项研究的根本目的是深入了解在传统社会中，促进变革或抵制变革的因素。南斯堪的纳维亚半岛似乎说明了后者，拟议的研究有望增加对所涉及的抑制因素的科学理解。大约在公元前4000年，斯堪的纳维亚采用驯养的动物和植物是欧洲最后一批向农业过渡的国家之一。在近一千年前，欧洲有农业，但斯堪的纳维亚南部没有农业，在Ertebølle采集者没有采用农业的情况下，觅食和农业群体之间有联系。在这一延迟之后，农业开始了，但以一种特殊的方式。其特点是驯化的动植物迅速引入，但随后近五千年来它们的重要性并不高，大规模的环境变化，以及新型陶瓷和聚落系统形式的文化变化，同时也有一些文化连续性的证据。尽管对斯堪的纳维亚半岛南部农业起源的考古调查由来已久，但对农业起源的原因、时间线和相关人员的共识仍然难以捉摸。像解释农业起源这样复杂的问题不仅需要过渡时期的强大数据集，也需要前过渡时期的强大数据集。由于丹麦最早的农民的考古记录很少，研究Ertebølle文化和他们的动物群经济可能是理解过渡的最好方法。通过应用几种方法，并将这些数据与其他学术研究相结合，格伦将把过去和现在的研究联系起来，引入新类型的分析和变异性模型，这将为未来的研究提供信息。这些分析将侧重于Ertebølle动物使用在该地区开始养殖之前的地理和区域变异性，并将建立和测试此类动物经济中的变异性模型。动物骨骼的研究在石器时代的研究中尤为重要，因为动物遗骸是可用于研究此类文化的最可靠的数据集之一。格伦将使用多种方法，包括传统的动物考古学、化学和统计学方法，通过动物区系使用的视角来理解丹麦农业的建立和过渡。这里应用的方法将为理解世界范围内的农业起源和过渡提供信息，并适用于理解世界农业的起源和过渡，这是人类历史的关键问题之一。这项研究将为格伦先生提供高水平和独特的培训，并将促进长期的跨大西洋石器时代研究和学术合作，因为该项目依赖于与一些丹麦和其他欧洲学者和学生的合作。出版物将提交同行审查，结果将在学术会议上公布，并向公众公布。由于人与动物的关系是我们人类的一个关键特征，进一步了解人与自然环境之间的互动永远是相关的。

With National Science Foundation support Mr. Kurt Gron will analyze late Mesolithic and early Neolithic animal remains from several sites of the northern European Ertebølle (5400-4000 B.C.) and Trichterbecher (4000-3500 B.C.) cultures of Southern Scandinavia. Analyses will be performed under the supervision of Dr. T. Douglas Price and involve materials from a cluster of excavated sites located in northwest Zealand, Denmark, as well as a transitional shell midden in eastern Jutland, Denmark, and will include previously published data. The fundamental goal of the research is to gain insight into the factors which, in traditional societies, either promote change or resistance to it. Southern Scandinavia, appears to illustrate the latter and the proposed research hopefully will increase scientific understanding of the inhibitory factors involved. The adoption of domesticated animals and plants in Scandinavia was one of the last transitions to agriculture in Europe, around 4000 B.C. For nearly a millennium prior, farming was present in Europe but not southern Scandinavia, and there was contact between foraging and farming groups without an adoption of farming by Ertebølle foragers. After this delay, agriculture began, but in an idiosyncratic fashion. This was characterized by the rapid introduction of domesticated animals and plants but their low importance subsequently for nearly half a millennium, large-scale environmental changes, and culture change in the form of new types of ceramic and settlement system concurrent with some evidence of cultural continuity. Despite the long history of archaeological inquiry into the origins of agriculture in southern Scandinavia, a consensus view of the causes, timeline, and the people involved remains elusive. Questions as complicated as explaining the origins of agriculture require robust data sets of not only the transitional era, but also antecedent periods. Due to the scant archaeological record of the earliest farmers in Denmark, a clear understanding of the transition may be best understood by studying the Ertebølle culture and their faunal economies. By applying several methods and integrating this data with other scholarship, Mr. Gron will tie together past and present research, introducing new types of analysis and models of variability which will inform future research. These analyses will focus on geographical and regional variability in Ertebølle animal use just prior to the onset of farming in the region, and will build and test a model of variability within such animal economies. The study of animal bones is particularly important in Stone-Age research, as faunal remains are one of the most robust data sets available for study of such cultures. Gron will use multiple approaches, including traditional zooarchaeological, chemical, and statistical methods to understand the build-up, and transition to, agriculture in Denmark through the lens of faunal use.Methods applied here will inform and be applicable for understanding agricultural origins and transitions worldwide, one of the key questions of human history. This research will provide high-level and unique training for Mr. Gron and will foster long-term transatlantic Stone-Age research and scholarly cooperation, as this project relies on collaboration with a number of Danish and other European scholars and students. Publication will be submitted for peer-review, and results will be presented at scholarly conferences as well as to the general public. As the relationship of humans with animals is a key trait our kind, further understanding the interaction between people and their natural environment is perpetually relevant.