Money, favor and grace. The monetarisation of politics and piety in the 12th and 13th century

这项名为《金钱、恩惠和恩典：12世纪和13世纪政治和虔诚的货币化》的研究项目考察了在中世纪晚期，货币的持续发展对政治和虔诚的影响。货币的增加使得政治以及教会和宗教层面的各种创新成为可能：尺子的恩典和恩惠可以用金钱来谈判和衡量，神的恩典可以通过放纵来量化和交易。这些变化表明了一种文化变化，这影响了中世纪社会的各个领域。这一变化将由两个次级项目从特定的角度进行审查。第一个子项目《金钱作为一种责任？12世纪和13世纪的赎金和嫁妆支付》研究了金钱经济对德意志帝国法国、英国和耶路撒冷两个重要的贵族政治领域的影响。与文化和经济问题相联系，重点放在基金的衡量和评级上。第二个子项目“纵容、捐赠和施舍。12世纪和13世纪虔诚的货币化和量化”论述了虔诚和神圣恩典的日益量化，以及教会生活中对金钱的强化使用。调查的重点是放纵，其发展导致被计算的虔诚的大幅增加：第一次，信徒被承诺为他们的工作提供具体量化的精神奖励。作为整体研究项目的一部分，这两个子项目探索金钱对政治和虔诚的影响。因此，将对总体发展和具体个案进行分析。资料来源中提到的金钱和时间的数量将变得具有可比性和可解释性。在项目结束时，将有可能对12世纪和13世纪的货币总额进行分类和评估。该项目将加深各自领域的知识，并缩小目前的研究差距。同时，它对中世纪货币化的研究做出了根本性的贡献，货币化影响了社会的各个层面。

The research project 'Money, favor and grace. The monetarisation of politics and piety in the 12th and 13th century' examines the effects that the continuous development of money had on politics and piety during the High Middle Ages. The increased availability of money enabled various innovations on the political as well as the ecclesiastical and religious level: the grace and favor of rulers could be negotiated and measured by money, the divine grace could be quantified and traded through indulgences. These changes point to a cultural change, which affected all spheres of medieval society. This change will be examined under specific points of view by the two subprojects. The first subproject 'Money as a duty? Ransom and dowry payments in the 12th and 13 Century' deals with the consequences of the money economy on two important fields of aristocratic politics in the German Empire, France, England and the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Connected to cultural and economic questions, the focus is laid on the measuring and rating of funds. The second subproject 'Indulgence, donation and alms. The monetarisation and quantification of piety in the 12th and 13th century' treats the increasing quantification of piety and divine grace, as well as the intensified use of money in church life. The focus of the investigation is the indulgence, whose development causes a strong increase of counted piety: for the first time, the believers are promised specifically quantified sized spiritual rewards for their works.As part of the overall research project, the two subprojects explore the influence of money on politics and piety. Thereby both general developments and specific individual cases will be analyzed. The amounts of money and time mentioned in the sources will be made comparable and interpretable. At the end of the project it will be possible to classify and evaluate the sums of money present in the 12th and 13th century. The project will lead to deeper knowledge in its respective fields and close current research gaps. At the same time, it makes a fundamental contribution to the research of medieval monetarisation, which affected society on various levels.