THE OPEN SCIENCE GRID The Next Five Years: Distributed High Throughput Computing for the Nation's Scientists, Researchers, Educators, and Students

网格计算的基本思想是利用全球网络中许多计算机系统的可用CPU周期和存储空间，以便它们可以作为一个灵活、普遍且廉价的可访问池，供个人、经认证的用户利用，类似于电力公司及其用户共享电网的方式。网格计算可以被看作是一种通过互联网共享计算机能力和数据存储能力的服务，简单而透明，无需考虑计算设施的位置。大型强子对撞机(LHC)等大型集中式实验设施的实验需要大量的计算和存储，涉及世界各地数百名使用计算设施的实验者。这些功能非常适合网格计算的能力。网格计算的发展与大型强子对撞机实验的发展是平行的。开放科学网格(OSG)是美国网格计算的主要推动者。研究人员随后以许多其他令人兴奋的方式发展了这些想法，例如，除了OSG之外，还生产了大规模联邦系统(TeraGrid、EGEE、地球系统网格)，这些系统不仅提供计算能力，还提供按需提供的数据和软件。标准组织随后开发了相关标准，从而可能实现网格的互操作性。网格定义并提供一组构建在这些协议之上的标准协议、中间件、工具包和服务。互操作性和安全性是网格基础设施的首要问题，因为资源可能来自不同的管理域，既有全局的使用策略，也有本地的使用策略，不同的硬件和软件配置和平台，可用性和容量也不同。开放科学网格是一种面向大规模科学研究的分布式计算基础设施。OSG为全球大型强子对撞机计算网格做出贡献，作为美国ATLAS和美国CMS实验使用的共享分布式计算设施。OSG是由90所美国大学、国家实验室、科学合作和软件开发商组成的财团建造和运营的。它得到了美国国家科学基金会和美国能源部科学办公室的支持。OSG不仅支持物理实验，还支持来自其他领域的研究人员，包括天体物理学、生物信息学和计算机科学。目前，OSG在美国有60多个地点，在巴西、台湾和墨西哥有5个地点，得到了东道国的支持。美国所有的大型强子对撞机计算和存储站点都是OSG的成员，并允许使用OSG的其他科学合作机会使用可用的资源。OSG与欧洲的Enabling Grids for E-Science项目合作，提供可供大型强子对撞机实验软件透明使用的互操作联合基础设施。大型强子对撞机位于瑞士和法国交界处330英尺以下，是世界上最强大的粒子加速器。它的超高能粒子碰撞可能会产生关于物理宇宙本质的非凡发现。除了揭示未知粒子的新世界外，大型强子对撞机实验还可以解释这些粒子为什么存在，以及它们的行为方式。大型强子对撞机的实验可以揭示质量的起源，揭示暗物质，揭示宇宙隐藏的对称性，并可能发现额外的空间维度。大型强子对撞机将毛发般细的粒子束加速到光速以下的胡须。数千个强大的超导磁铁引导光束绕过大型强子对撞机16.5英里长的环。在四个点上，粒子在主要实验的中心碰撞，它们的首字母缩写为：Alice、ATLAS、CMS和LHCb。在这些高能碰撞的数据中，科学家们寻找粒子的轨迹，这些粒子的存在可能会改变我们对宇宙的理解。来自六大洲近60个国家的1万多名科学家、工程师和学生为大型强子对撞机做出了贡献。大型强子对撞机总部设在瑞士日内瓦的欧洲核子研究中心实验室。约有1700人来自美国的大学和实验室。美国对大型强子对撞机的捐款由美国能源部科学办公室和国家科学基金会提供联邦资金。

The basic idea of Grid Computing is to utilize available CPU cycles and storage of many computer systems across a worldwide network so that they can function as a flexible, pervasive, and inexpensive accessible pool that could be harnessed by an individual, accredited user, similar to the way power companies and their users share the electrical grid. Grid computing can be viewed as a service for sharing computer power and data storage capacity over the Internet, simply and transparently, without having to consider where the computational facilities are located.Experiments at major centralized experimental facilities such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) require large amounts of computation and storage and involve hundreds of experimenters using computational facilities all over the world. These features are well suited to the capabilities of grid computing. Grid computing developments occurred in parallel to the development of the LHC experiments. The Open Science Grid (OSG) is the major facilitator of Grid Computing in the U.S. Researchers subsequently developed these ideas in many other exciting ways, producing for example, in addition to OSG, large-scale federated systems (TeraGrid, EGEE, Earth System Grid) that provide not just computing power, but also data and software on demand. Standards organizations then developed relevant standards that led to possible interoperability of Grids. Grids define and provide a set of standard protocols, middleware, toolkits, and services built on top of these protocols. Interoperability and security are the primary concerns for the Grid infrastructure as resources may come from different administrative domains, which have both global and local usage policies, different hardware and software configurations and platforms, and vary in availability and capacity.The Open Science Grid is a distributed computing infrastructure for large-scale scientific research. The OSG contributes to the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid as the shared distributed computing facility used by the US ATLAS and US CMS experiments. The OSG is built and operated by a consortium of 90 U.S. universities, national laboratories, scientific collaborations and software developers. It is supported by the National Science Foundation and the US Department of Energy Office of Science. The OSG supports not only physics experiments but also researchers from other fields, including astrophysics, bioinformatics and computer science. Currently the OSG has more than 60 sites in the US and five sites in Brazil, Taiwan and Mexico, supported by the host countries. All LHC computing and storage sites in the US are members of the OSG and allow other scientific collaborations using the OSG to opportunistically use available resources. The OSG collaborates with the Enabling Grids for E-sciencE project in Europe to provide interoperating federated infrastructures which can be used transparently by the LHC experiments' software. The Large Hadron Collider, located 330 feet below the border of Switzer¬land and France, is the world's most powerful particle accelerator. Its very-high-energy particle collisions may yield extraordinary discoveries about the nature of the physical universe. Beyond revealing a new world of unknown particles, the LHC experiments could explain why those particles exist and behave as they do. The LHC experiments could uncover the origins of mass, shed light on dark matter, expose hidden symmetries of the universe, and possibly find extra dimensions of space. The LHC accelerates hair-thin beams of particles to a whisker below the speed of light. Thousands of powerful superconducting magnets steer the beams around the LHC's 16.5-mile-long ring. At four points the particles collide in the hearts of the main experiments, known by their acronyms: ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb. In the data from these high-energy collisions scientists search for the tracks of particles whose existence could transform our understanding of the universe. More than 10,000 scientists, engineers and students from almost 60 nations on six continents contribute to the LHC, which is headquartered at the CERN laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland. About 1,700 come from universities and laboratories in the United States. Federal funding for US contributions to the LHC is provided by the US Department of Energy's Office of Science and the National Science Foundation.