CAREER: Effects of Immigrant Scientists and IPRS on Innovation

这项CAREER研究为知识产权和科学政策对创新的影响提供了迫切需要的经验证据。为了研究当代政策变化的影响（这是无法用当代数据衡量的），它利用了对美国创新产生外生影响的重大历史政策变化。这项研究还构建了新的数据集——包括专利和创新的替代措施——以提高我们对历史背景和当今的知识产权和科学创新政策的理解。智力价值：个别项目调查移民科学家、强制许可、专利池和粮食作物专利权的创造对美国创新的影响。例如，该研究将从德国纳粹政权逃离的训练有素的犹太科学家的流入作为一个外生事件来帮助理解接收移民科学家的潜在好处。虽然现有的移民研究强调了对本地工人工资和就业机会的直接影响，但本研究探讨了接收移民科学家对国内科学家和工程师创新的潜在长期影响。了解这些变化是至关重要的，因为创新的增加鼓励经济增长并创造新的就业机会。补充项目调查知识产权政策（例如强制许可）对创新的影响，并审查1930年和1986年建立植物知识产权后粮食作物的改进情况，以检验加强生物创新知识产权的当代政策是否有助于确保世界粮食供应。更广泛的影响：这项CAREER研究的结果有助于指导政府在移民、专利法和创新方面的政策。美国专利商标局（USPTO）和世界知识产权局（WIPO）等组织已经要求提交关于专利池和植物专利的新成果。研究生的职业资助培训有助于增加对专利影响的长期研究产出，以创新研究为中心的本科课程鼓励研究成果的传播。有针对性的指导和研究合作增加了少数民族学生和妇女对学术研究的参与，并有助于加强这些群体在经济学家和创新学者中的代表性。

This CAREER research produces urgently needed empirical evidence on the effects of intellectual property rights and science policies on innovation. To investigate the effects of contemporary policy changes, which cannot be measured with contemporary data, it exploits substantial historical policy shifts that were exogenous to U.S. innovation. The research also constructs new data sets - including both patents and alternative measures of innovation - to improve our understanding of intellectual property rights and science policy on innovation in historical settings and today.Intellectual Merit: Individual projects investigate the effects of immigrant scientists, compulsory licensing, patent pools, and the creation of patent rights for food crops on U.S. innovation. For example, the research uses the inflow of highly trained Jewish scientists, who fled the Nazi regime in Germany, as an exogenous event to help understand the potential benefits of receiving immigrant scientists. While existing studies of immigration have emphasized direct effects on wages and employment opportunities for native workers, this research investigates the potential long-run effects of receiving immigrant scientists on innovation by domestic scientists and engineers. Understanding these changes is essential because increases in innovation encourage economic growth and create new opportunities for employment. Complementary projects investigate effects of intellectual property rights policies, such as compulsory licensing, on innovation and examine improvements in food crops after the creation of intellectual property rights for plants in 1930 and in 1986 to test whether contemporary policies that strengthen intellectual property rights for biological innovations may help to secure world food supplies.Broader Impact: Results from this CAREER research help guide government policies on immigration, patent laws, and innovation. Organizations like the USPTO and the World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO) have already requested presentations of new results on patent pools and plants patents. The CAREER-funded training of graduate students helps increase long-run research output on the impact of patents and innovative research-centered undergraduate courses encourage the dissemination of research output. Targeted mentoring and research collaborations increase the participation of minority students and women in academic research, and help to strengthen the representation of these groups among economists and scholars of innovation.