Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Effects of Aztec Conquest on Provincial Commoner Households at Calixtlahuaca, Mexico

在Michael Smith博士的指导下，Angela Huster女士将为她的博士论文收集数据。她将分析卡利克斯特拉瓦卡遗址（公元1100-1430年）的考古陶瓷，以评估各省人民对被征服并成为阿兹特克帝国一部分的反应。卡利斯特拉瓦卡是一个重要的地区首府，在1470年代被阿兹特克帝国征服，这个项目比较了阿兹特克帝国建立之前，帝国初期但在卡利斯特拉瓦卡被征服之前和阿兹特克征服之后的时间。对帝国的比较研究表明，当一个大国征服一个地区时，它必须与多个当地派系进行谈判，以建立对该地区的持久控制。因为一个帝国想要一个稳定的纳税人口，被征服的人口在建立统治条件的过程中保留一定程度的杠杆作用。帝国和省份都可能使用多种，往往是相互矛盾的策略来改善自己的地位。各省的行动可以支持帝国的利益，也可以削弱帝国的利益，或者实际上保持中立。这个项目检验被征服民族可能采取特定反应的条件。从这个项目中产生的知识有可能为当今世界许多地区存在的多民族国家提供信息。该项目以可能与族裔身份有关的贸易模式和家庭活动的变化的形式考察这些反应。它使用三种互补的方法来分析陶瓷——类型分类、属性分析和仪器中子活化分析（INAA）——来绘制每个时期的贸易模式。这些图案将被用来研究阿兹特克人的征服如何改变了人们的贸易对象、贸易对象、生产的商品以及总体的幸福程度。该项目还研究了仪式物品的变化，包括小雕像和香炉，以及食物容器，以了解这些行为领域如何受到阿兹特克人接触的影响。除了提供阿兹特克帝国的信息外，该项目的结果将对各个层面的比较工作有用，包括对帝国统治的调查，阿兹特克帝国地区之间的比较，托卢卡山谷内遗址之间的比较，以及早期西班牙书面记录和考古证据之间的相关性。该项目的更广泛影响包括促进美国和墨西哥学者之间的互动，为研究生和本科生提供培训，并向学术界和公众展示项目成果。胡斯特女士将在墨西哥托卢卡的墨西哥学院进行实地分析，在那里她将与墨西哥历史学家进行磋商。该项目将包括墨西哥和亚利桑那州的大学生志愿者，为学生提供陶瓷分析、统计和数据库管理方面的实践培训。这些发现将通过现有的Calixtlahuaca考古项目博客、墨西哥和美国的社区报告、会议报告和期刊出版物的条目进行展示。该项目的原始数据将通过数字考古资源库向公众提供。此外，INAA收集的数据将成为广泛使用的密苏里大学陶瓷参考数据库的一部分，从而加强其区域覆盖。

Under the guidance of Dr. Michael Smith, Ms Angela Huster will collect data for her doctoral dissertation. She will analyze archaeological ceramics from the site of Calixtlahuaca (1100-1430 CE) to evaluate provincial peoples' responses to being conquered and made part of the Aztec Empire. Calixtlahuaca was an important regional capital that was conquered by the Aztec Empire in the 1470s, and this project compares the time periods before the founding of the Aztec Empire, during the beginning of the empire but before Calixtlahuca's conquest, and after the Aztec conquest of the site. Comparative work on empires shows that when a power conquers an area, it has to follow up with negations with multiple local factions to establish lasting control over the region. Because an empire wants a stable, taxable population, conquered populations retain some degree of leverage in this process of establishing the terms of their rule. Both the empire and the province are likely to use multiple, often contradictory strategies to improve their position. Provincial actions can support imperial interests, undercut them, or be effectively neutral. This project tests the conditions under which conquered peoples are likely to adopt particular types of responses. The knowledge which emerges from this project has the potential to inform on multi-ethnic states which exist today in many regions of the world. The project looks at responses in the form of changes in trade patterns and household activities likely related to ethnic identity. It uses three complementary methods of analyzing ceramics - type classification, attribute analysis, and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) - to map out trade patterns for each time periods. The patterns will be used to look at how the Aztec conquest changed what and with whom people were trading, what they were making, and general degree of well being. The project also looks at changes in both ritual items including figurines and incense burners, and as well as food serving vessels to see how these spheres of behavior were affected by Aztec contact. In addition providing information of the Aztec Empire, the project results will be useful for comparative work at a variety of levels, including investigations of imperial rule, comparisons between regions of the Aztec Empire, comparisons between sites within the Toluca Valley, and correlations between early Spanish written records and archaeological evidence. The broader impacts of the project include promoting interaction between American and Mexican scholars, providing training for both graduate and undergraduate students, and presenting project findings to both scholarly and public audiences. Ms Huster will do her field analysis at the Colegio Mexiquense in Toluca, Mexico, where she will consult with Mexican historians. The project will involve undergraduate volunteers in Mexico and Arizona, providing students with hands-on training in ceramics analysis, statistics, and database management. Findings will be presented through entries to the existing Calixtlahuaca Archaeological Project blog, community presentations in Mexico and the United States, conference presentations, and journal publications. The raw data from the project will be made publically available through The Digital Archaeological Repository. In addition, the INAA data collected will become part of a widely used University of Missouri ceramics reference database thus strengthening its regional coverage.