Collaborative Research: The Kinematics, Microphysics and Dynamics of Long-fetch Lake-effect Systems in Ontario Winter Lake-effect Systems (OWLeS)

该奖项是以安大略省冬季(OW)湖效系统(LES)实地项目为中心的更大努力的一个关键部分，该项目将于2013年12月至2014年1月进行。Owles将专注于两条互补的研究路线，每条路线都追溯到美国五大湖地区更受欢迎的风况，以及相应的冬季风暴组织的不同中尺度模式。该小组领导的活动将集中于所谓的“长时间”风暴事件，即低层风大致平行于安大略湖的长轴。Owles期间将使用的观测资产包括怀俄明大学国王航空仪表式飞机、CSWR车轮上多普勒(DOW)移动雷达、多移动探测系统、米尔斯维尔大学剖面系统、UAH移动综合剖面系统和各种其他可展开的表面测量系统。这些研究人员认为，对LES降雪量和内陆范围的预测仍然很差，部分原因是上风向行星边界层结构的细微尺度变化，以及对云的微物理、动力学和表面过程的较差表现。为了解决这些不足，这项研究的学术价值将源于对以下方面的更好理解：1)长时间大降雪率尤其对湖泊下风有多大影响；2)云和动力过程如何促使云带电和闪电，如偶尔在长取大范围降水单体中观察到的那样；3)移动道琼斯和运行中的美国国家气象局WSR-88D雷达分别利用X波段和S波段的双极化(以及在某些地区，双多普勒)雷达测量，如何可以揭示LES的详细降水过程。通过与现场飞机测量的详细比较，评估双极化粒子识别和定量降水估计(QPE)算法将在这个独特的冷季环境中扩展遥感观测的实用范围。广泛的影响将包括经验丰富的现场战役规划、实际操作数据收集和数据分析，适用于相当多的本科生和研究生。初级和高级首席调查员的适当组合将有助于交流既定和复杂的项目设计和观测方法，并促进改进适应恶劣冬季天气条件的实地观测技术。外展工作将延伸到K-12学生和在附近高等教育机构注册的大学生。考虑到湖泊效应降雪对美国五大湖人口众多的海岸的公共安全和经济活动的重大影响，对湖泊效应系统的更好理解应该会促进完善的模型和预测技术，以满足更长期的社会需求。

This award is one key segment of a larger effort centered on the Ontario Winter (OW) Lake-effect Systems (LeS) field project, to be conducted December 2013-January 2014. OWLeS will focus on two complementary lines of research, each tracing to a preferred wind regime over the U.S. Great lakes region and corresponding distinct mesoscale mode of winter storm organization. Activities led by this group will focus on so-called "long-fetch" storm events, for which low-level winds are aligned approximately parallel to Lake Ontario's long axis. Observational assets to be employed during OWLeS include the University of Wyoming King Air instrumented aircraft, the CSWR Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile radars, multiple mobile rawinsounding systems, the Millersville University Profiling System, the UAH Mobile Integrated Profiling System, and a variety of other deployable surface measurement systems. These researchers contend that predictions of the amounts and inland extent of LeS snowfall remain poor, due in part to fine-scale variations in upwind planetary boundary layer structure and poor representation of cloud microphysical, dynamical, and surface processes. To address these shortcomings, the intellectual merits of this research will derive from improved understanding of: 1) How long-fetch LeS intensify and evolve downwind of the lake, where prolonged heavy snowfall rates are particularly impactful; 2) how cloud and dynamical processes may contribute to cloud electrification and to lightning, as occasionally observed in long-fetch LeS heavy precipitation cells; and 3) how dual-polarimetric (and in select regions, dual-Doppler) radar measurements at X- and S-band wavelengths as utilized by mobile-DOW and operational National Weather Service WSR-88D radars, respectively, may reveal detailed precipitation processes in LeS. Through detailed comparisons with in-situ aircraft measurements, evaluations dual-polarimetric particle identification and quantitative precipitation estimate (QPE) algorithms will extend the utility of remote-sensing observations in this unique cool-season environment.Broader impacts will include experience infield campaign planning, hands-on data collection and data analysis for a notably large number of undergraduate as well as graduate students. A desirable mix of junior and senior principal investigators will facilitate exchange of established and complex project design and observing methodologies, and foster improved field observing techniques tailored to severe winter weather conditions. Outreach efforts will extend to K-12 students and college students enrolled at nearby institutes of higher learning. Given the significant impacts of lake effect snowfall on public safety and economic activity along the populous shores of the U.S. Great Lakes, improved understanding of lake-effect systems should foster refined models and forecasting techniques that will address a longer-term societal need.