Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Settlement-Size Scaling and Economic Transformation in the Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru

在史蒂文·库恩和马克·阿尔登德费尔博士的指导下，兰迪·哈斯将分析之前记录的五个古晚期(7,000-5,000 B.P.)的形成历史。秘鲁的喀喀湖盆地西部的狩猎-采集遗址。尽管这一时期标志着农业转型的前夕，导致了公元300年左右提瓦纳库国的内生出现，但该盆地的晚期古代期几乎没有受到关注。以前的工作表明，几乎所有的社会复杂性的特征--例如，居民制、食品生产和手工艺专业化--都出现在较晚的古代记录中。然而，哈斯最近对聚落模式的分析揭示了社会复杂性的一个潜在特征：聚落规模的等级制度。聚落规模等级指的是遗址规模分布的一种统计模式，地理学家、经济学家和考古学家将其描述为排名-规模规则、齐普夫定律或幂定律。不同的侵蚀和埋藏似乎不能解释观察到的场地大小模式，相反，支持行为模型。在提提卡卡的考古观察可能是史前狩猎-采集聚落模式分析的第一次，并提出了一个问题，即它如何在流动的觅食者中出现。考虑了几种沉降和遗址形成的模型，在Ilave次盆地最大的晚期古代点进行的测试挖掘将产生计时和材料数据，以验证模型驱动的假说。了解推动人类社会出现社会复杂性的行为对人类学研究至关重要。考古观察为推断关键行为在日益复杂的轨迹中出现的顺序提供了一种方法。喀喀湖盆地是世界上为数不多的见证了古老国家形成的地区之一，它提供了一个关键的案例研究。考古学家已经证明，早期的聚居制、粮食生产和畜牧业出现在大约公元前5500年的喀提卡卡盆地终端古代期。手工艺专业化、社会分层和纪念性建筑的第一个明显迹象随后出现在大约公元前3500年的形成时期。以前的聚落模式分析表明，聚落大小的层次结构出现在形成阶段。然而，由于统计上难以区分的遗址大小等级至少出现在远古时代晚期的2000年前，早于任何其他社会复杂性维度，人们可以假设遗址大小的扩大催化了喀什盆地的初始复杂性，而不是像目前的模型所表明的那样。跟随和推动当前研究的人类学问题是，是什么觅食行为产生了考古遗址大小的模式？来自Ilave地区五个最大的晚期古遗址的地层、放射性碳、地物和岩石学数据将被用来推断这些遗址在多大程度上反映了相对较长的占领、频繁的重新占领和/或大型群体的占领。挖掘和实验室活动将促进与秘鲁人-阿亚马拉人以及非土著、学术和非学术的更紧密的国际关系。秘鲁文化部和数字考古记录将对所有新数据进行整理，并向符合条件的个人提供。分析结果将在公开演讲、会议报告和同行评议出版物中提交给秘鲁和美国社区，范围从区域到理论。

Under the guidance of Drs. Steven Kuhn and Mark Aldenderfer, Randy Haas will analyze the formation histories of five previously recorded Late Archaic Period (7,000-5,000 B.P.) hunter-gatherer sites in the western Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru. The Basin's Late Archaic Period has received little attention even though the period marks the eve of an agricultural transition that led to the endogenous emergence of the Tiwanaku state around A.D. 300. Previous work suggests that nearly all of the hallmarks of social complexity - e.g., residential sedentism, food production, and craft specialization - are represented in the Late Archaic record. However, Haas' recent settlement pattern analyses have revealed a potential signature of social complexity: settlement-size hierarchy. Settlement-size hierarchy refers to a statistical pattern in site-size distribution that geographers, economists, and archaeologists have described as the rank-size rule, Zipf's law, or a power law. Differential erosion and burial do not appear to explain the observed site-size pattern, supporting a behavioral model instead. The archaeological observation in the Titicaca Late Archaic may represent a first for prehistoric hunter-gatherer settlement pattern analysis and raises the question of how it could emerge among mobile foragers. Several models of settlement and site-formation are considered, and test excavations at the largest Late Archaic Period sites in the Ilave sub-basin will generate chronometric and material data for testing model-driven hypotheses. Understanding behaviors that drive emergent social complexity in human societies is of paramount importance to anthropological research. Archaeological observations provide a means for inferring the order in which key behaviors appeared in trajectories of increasing complexity. The Lake Titicaca Basin, one of few world regions to have witnessed archaic state formation, offers a critical case study. Archaeologists have shown that incipient sedentism, food-production, and pastoralism appeared ca. 5,500 B.P. in the Titicaca Basin Terminal Archaic Period. The first clear signs of craft specialization, social stratification, and monumental architecture appeared subsequently ca. 3,500 B.P. in the Formative Period. Previous settlement-pattern analyses have suggested that settlement-size hierarchies emerged in the Formative. However, because statistically indistinguishable site-size hierarchies appeared at least 2,000 years earlier in the Late Archaic Period, prior to any other dimension of social complexity, one could hypothesize that site-size scaling catalyzed incipient complexity in the Titicaca Basin rather than the other way around as current models suggest. The anthropological question that follows and drives the current research is, What forager behavior generated the archaeological site-size pattern? Stratigraphic, radiocarbon, feature, and lithic data from test excavations in the five largest Late Archaic Period sites in the Ilave region will be used to infer the degree to which these sites reflect comparatively long occupations, frequent re-occupations, and/or large-group occupation.Excavations and laboratory activities will foster stronger international relations with Peruvians - Ayamara and non-indigenous, academic and non-academic. All new data will be curated and made available to qualified individuals by the Peruvian Ministry of Culture and The Digital Archaeological Record. Analytical results will be presented to Peruvian and U.S. communities in public talks, conference presentations, and peer-reviewed publications ranging from regional to theoretical in scope.