Collaborative Research: Adaptable life history strategy of a migratory large predator in response to El Nino and climate change

该项目将研究洪堡鱿鱼对2009-2010年El Niño事件的反应，该事件伴随着加利福尼亚湾瓜伊马斯盆地这种鱿鱼商业渔业的崩溃。这种大型乌贼是加利福尼亚湾、加利福尼亚洋流和秘鲁洋流系统中具有重要生态和经济意义的主要捕食者。2010年初，这些乌贼放弃了它们在瓜伊马斯盆地正常的海岸陆架栖息地，转而在北部的萨尔西普韦德斯盆地被发现，该地区因较冷的海水上涌而缓冲了厄尔尼诺Niño的影响。商业渔业也迁移到该地区，从2010年到2012年，在瓜伊马斯盆地没有发现大型鱿鱼，相反，在异常小的体型和年轻的年龄成熟的动物大量存在。尽管正常的海洋条件已明显恢复，但仍未恢复到成熟时的大尺寸状态。2009-2010年的El Niño提供了一个意想不到的机会，揭示了土sidicus gigas对急性气候异常适应性的一个重要特征，即成熟时尺寸和年龄的大幅下降。现在，这些调查人员将有机会记录恢复到正常的大尺寸成熟状态。该项目的具体目标是：1)继续对已经在加利福尼亚湾建立的鱿鱼进行声学调查和直接采样，以评估分布、生物量、生活史策略、饮食、迁徙和觅食行为相对于el Niño之前的条件；2)在加利福尼亚州蒙特利湾进行类似的调查，并结合鱿鱼丰度的长期远程操作车辆调查。来自这些研究的数据将提供两种不同鱿鱼种群恢复情况的比较，并对小型或大型洪堡鱿鱼入侵一个地区的生态影响产生有价值的见解。随着长期气候变化的进展，这两种形式的鱿鱼都可能向北扩张，进入加州洋流系统。将为参加的研究生和本科生提供培训，并将继续同墨西哥的一所技术学院进行既定的合作，使墨西哥本科生参与当地取样和发展针对当地鱿鱼捕捞社区的公共宣传活动。鱿鱼丰度（生物量）和觅食（饮食）数据将被纳入NOAA为洪堡鱿鱼开发的渔业管理模型。关于厄尔尼诺Niño、气候变化和鱿鱼渔业的项目发现将被纳入与美国国家海洋和大气管理局（Squids4Kids）、b谷歌科学博览会科学聚会计划以及霍普金斯海洋站约翰·斯坦贝克的NEH暑期研究所的既定外展计划。调查人员将继续在蒙特利湾水族馆和哈特菲尔德海洋科学中心展出鱿鱼。

This project will examine the response of Dosidicus gigas (Humboldt squid) to an El Niño event in 2009-2010 that was accompanied by a collapse of the commercial fishery for this squid in the Guaymas Basin within the Gulf of California. This large squid is a major predator of great ecological and economic importance in the Gulf of California, the California Current, and Peru Current systems. In early 2010, these squid abandoned their normal coastal-shelf habitats in the Guaymas Basin and instead were found in the Salsipuedes Basin to the north, an area buffered from the effects of El Niño by the upwelling of colder water. The commercial fishery also relocated to this region and large squid were not found in the Guaymas Basin from 2010-2012, instead animals that matured at an unusually small size and young age were abundant. A return to the large size-at-maturity condition has still not occurred, despite the apparent return of normal oceanographic conditions. The El Niño of 2009-2010 presented an unforeseen opportunity to reveal an important feature of adaptability of Dosidicus gigas to an acute climatic anomaly, namely a large decrease in size and age at maturity. Now these investigators will have the opportunity to document recovery to the normal large size-at-maturity condition. The specific aims of this project are: 1) continue a program of acoustic surveys and direct sampling of squid that has already been established in the Gulf of California in order to assess distribution, biomass, life history strategy diet, and migratory and foraging behaviors relative to pre-El Niño conditions and 2) conduct analogous surveys in Monterey Bay, California in conjunction with long-term remote operated vehicle surveys of squid abundance. The data from these studies will provide a comparison of recovery in the two different squid populations and yield valuable insights into what ecological effects an area is expected to experience with an invasion of either small or large Humboldt squid. As long-term climate change progresses, squid of both forms may expand northward into the California Current System.Training will be provided for participating graduate and undergraduate students and an established collaboration will be continued with a technical college in Mexico that involves Mexican undergraduates in local sampling and developing public outreach aimed at the local squid fishing community. Squid abundance (biomass) and foraging (diet) data will be incorporated into NOAA fishery-management models being developed for Humboldt squid. Findings of the project concerning El Niño, climate change, and squid fisheries will be incorporated into an established outreach program with NOAA (Squids4Kids), the Google Science Fair Science Hangouts program, and a NEH Summer Institute on John Steinbeck at Hopkins Marine Station. The investigators will continue to contribute exhibits being developed on squid at both the Monterey Bay Aquarium and Hatfield Marine Science Center.