Occupational Sex Segregation and its Consequences for the (Re-)Production of Gender Inequalities in the German Labour Market

在德国，职业原则对于形成教育与就业之间的交叉点以及在整个生命过程中产生不平等尤为重要。在这个项目中，我们研究它与劳动力市场中性别不平等的（再）生产的相关性。在项目的第一阶段，我们描述了德国职业性别隔离的长期趋势，并分析了妇女在一种职业中所占的比例如何与其他职业特征（如工资水平、兼职工作比例和资格结构）有因果关系。这些分析的结果，然后被用来调查如何不同的职业特点产生个人的职业发展中的性别不平等。因此，项目第一阶段的重点是职业性别隔离对于劳动力市场男女不平等的非金钱方面的重要性。然而，先前的研究表明，男女在不同职业中的分布不均对于我们理解性别工资差距尤为重要。许多研究表明，妇女在某一职业中所占比例较高，导致从事该职业的妇女和男子的货币回报较低。然而，为什么妇女占主导地位的职业的工资较低还远不清楚，仅仅是妇女的比例造成了性别工资差距，还是与妇女占主导地位的职业有关的其他职业特征是决定性机制？如果这是真的，那么在德国，不同职业特征对性别工资差距的影响在过去30年中发生了怎样的变化？为了回答这些问题，我们在我们的项目的第二阶段探讨了职业的性别结构如何影响女性和男性的工资，以及这种关系自20世纪70年代中期以来在德国是如何变化的。从理论上讲，我们区分了三种可能的机制：（1）通常被认为是女性的工作任务贬值，（2）在女性占主导地位的职业中，对专业技能的需求较少，（3）在男性占主导地位的职业中，职业关闭策略的潜力更大。分析将基于个人层面上独特的新工资数据：NEPS起始队列6数据的前三波与就业研究所（IAB）的登记数据相关联。因此，它们还包含了丰富的纵向工资和公司的信息，为受访者。为了对1976年至2010年的性别工资差距进行建模和分解，我们将把这些数据与项目第一阶段产生的职业面板数据合并。此外，我们将用新生成的职业任务概况和社会封闭度指标来丰富这些数据。

In Germany, the occupational principle is particularly important for shaping the intersection between education and employment and for generating inequalities over the life course. In this project, we study its relevance for the (re-)production of gender inequalities in the labour market. In the first project phase, we described long-term trends of occupational sex segregation in Germany and analysed how the share of women in an occupation is causally related with other occupational characteristics, such as wage levels, shares of part-time work, and qualification structure. The findings of these analyses were then used to investigate how various occupational characteristics generate individual gender inequalities in career progressions. Thus, the first project phase focused on the importance of occupational sex segregation for non-monetary aspects of labour market inequalities between women and men. However, previous research has shown that the uneven distribution of women and men across occupations is particularly important for our understanding of the gender wage gap. Many studies indicate that a higher share of women in an occupation leads to lower monetary returns for both women and men working in this occupation. Yet it is far from clear why occupations dominated by women pay less. Is the mere proportion of women responsible for the gender wage gap, or are other occupational characteristics linked to female-typical occupations the decisive mechanisms? If this is true, how has the influence of different occupational characteristics on the gender wage gap changed throughout the last 30 years in Germany?To answer these questions, we explore in the second phase of our project how the gendered structure of occupations affects the wages of women and men and how this relationship changed since the mid-1970s in Germany. Theoretically, we distinguish three possible mechanisms: (1) the devaluation of job tasks typically considered female, (2) less demand for specialized skills in female-dominated occupations, and (3) higher potentials of occupational closure strategies in male-dominated occupations. The analyses will be based on unique new wage data on the individual level: The first three waves of NEPS Starting Cohort 6 data were linked with register data of the Institute for Employment Research (IAB). Thus they additionally contain rich longitudinal wage and firm information for the respondents. For modelling and decomposing the gender wage gap from 1976 until 2010, we will merge these data with the occupational panel data generated in the first phase of the project. In addition, we will enrich these data with newly generated indicators on occupational task profiles and social closure.