Police Professionalism and Changes in Police Protocols

先前的研究考察了警察在面对公众抗议时警务协议的组织变化。这项研究发现，警察部队迅速从支持依靠武力制止抗议的抗议警务模式（称为“升级武力”）转变为一种基于通过谈判降低冲突升级的新模式（称为“谈判管理”）。然而，现有的工作并没有充分地：(1)解释这种新的替代方案是如何发展的，(2)检查其他替代模型是否发展并竞争追随者；(3)分析警务专业等警务内部因素如何影响这一选择和变化过程；(4)对组织如何受到法律规定的影响提出问题。这些都是关键的疏忽，因为主要的组织理论长期以来都能够解释新政策的扩散，但却无法解释这些新政策从何而来。本项目利用科学和技术研究的成果，对如何创造替代性创新和竞争实施形成新的视角。具体假设预测：多个竞争选择；与警察专业精神的具体要素相一致的替代方案是更成功的竞争对手；法院并没有直接指示警察部队如何改变。数据来源于历史警察期刊和其他文献的定量和定性内容编码。分析地图备选方案及其特征，并跟踪定性编码确定的主题的流行程度。研究结果将促进对警务如何随时间变化以及组织如何创新和变化的学术理解。更广泛的影响包括通过广播和其他媒体向公众发布研究成果，对本科生和研究生进行培训，以及在理解组织变革方面取得科学成果。

Prior research has examined organizational change in policing protocols when police are confronted with public protests. This research has found that police forces rapidly moved from endorsing a model for protest policing that relied on force to stop protests (referred to as "escalated force") to a new model that was based on de-escalating conflict through negotiation (referred to as "negotiated management"). However, this existing work does not adequately: (1) explain how this new alternative developed, (2) examine whether other alternative models developed and competed for adherents; (3) analyze how factors internal to policing, such as police professionalism, affected this process of selection and change; and (4) problematize how organizations are affected by legal mandates. These are critical oversights because major organizational theories have long been able to explain the diffusion of new policies but have not been able to explain where those new policies come from. This project draws on work from science and technology studies to develop a new perspective on how alternative innovations are created and compete for implementation. Specific hypotheses anticipate: multiple competing alternatives; that alternatives that were consistent with specific elements of police professionalism were more successful competitors; and that the courts did not directly dictate how police forces changed. Data are drawn from quantitative and qualitative content coding of historical police journals and other documents. Analyses map alternatives and their characteristics and track the prevalence of themes identified by the qualitative coding. Findings will advance scholastic understanding of how policing changes over time and how organizations innovate and change. Broader impacts include public distribution of research findings through radio and other media, undergraduate and graduate student training, and scientific gains in understanding organizational change.