Primary Emissions and Atmospheric Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Coal Combustion and Coal-Biomass Cofiring.

[1437933] [j] .煤燃烧和煤-生物质共烧的一次排放和大气二次有机气溶胶的形成。最近发现，除了煤燃烧和煤-生物质共烧产生的已知排放物（例如，温室气体、难熔颗粒）外，有机气溶胶还可以作为初级有机气溶胶直接排放，或者由于低效燃烧/热解过程排放的挥发性有机化合物老化而在大气中产生二级有机气溶胶。大气中的有机气溶胶对人类健康和全球气候有重大影响，发展中国家排放的增加将产生交通驱动的影响，即使对那些采用改进排放技术的国家也是如此。在对未来有机气溶胶排放的程度做出预测之前，首先需要了解相关的颗粒形成机制和二次有机气溶胶形成的潜力，在基础水平上跨越一系列燃料、燃烧效率和光化学大气年龄；这种理解是这个项目的目标。为了满足密苏里州对科学和工程教育的需求（密苏里州是EPSCoR州），将建立一个基于stem的新型同伴指导管道计划，通过环境空气质量和控制技术的博士水平研究和教育来激活六年级。在有或没有控制技术（便携式空气净化器）的情况下，涉及空气采样（使用定制采样工具包）以及随后的样本分析、数据处理和报告的研究项目将使所有参与者了解污染和控制技术的科学、技术和影响。在这里，学生们获得指导经验，并观察到拓展活动的力量和影响，增加了他们在职业生涯中融入这些类型活动的可能性，因为他们在指导管道中向上移动。一项新的同伴指导管道计划将在圣路易斯学校为代表性不足的青年实施，用于空气质量和污染控制的研究和教育。研究和推广成果将通过：国家会议、学生团体和气溶胶科学与技术/大气科学/气候/热力学的研究生/本科生课程广泛传播，结果将通过同行评审的出版物公开发布。该项目的目标是表征煤和煤-生物质混合物燃烧/热解的新颗粒形成机制，确定相关的二次有机气溶胶形成潜力和大气中有机气溶胶的演变，并增加对污染控制技术需求的教育和认识。方法包括一套新的实验室规模的熔炉/火焰，以及一套新的化学和物理测量方法，用于一系列燃料和燃烧/热解条件下的气体和颗粒排放。此外，将采用光化学反应器测试在一定大气年龄范围内排放物的二次有机气溶胶形成潜力。将建立新粒子形成和大气氧化演化的模型。在该项目结束时，将可获得使用不同燃料和不同效率的燃烧/热解系统中新颗粒形成的指标。大气二次有机气溶胶形成潜力和区域/全球气候影响将更好地了解一个主要的全球排放源，以前没有在这一基本水平上进行过调查，但已经观察到其强烈环境影响的证据，并将在世界发展中地区继续增加。

1437933WilliamsPrimary Emissions and Atmospheric Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Coal Combustion and Coal-Biomass Cofiring.It has been recently discovered that along with known emissions from coal combustion and coal-biomass cofiring (e.g., greenhouse gases, refractory particles), organic aerosol can also be directly emitted as primary organic aerosol or produced in the atmosphere as secondary organic aerosol from aging of volatile organic compounds emitted from inefficient combustion/pyrolysis processes. Atmospheric organic aerosols have a significant impact on human health and global climate, and increased emissions in developing nations will have transport-driven implications, even for those nations that have employed improved emissions technologies. Before a prediction can be made on the extent of future organic aerosol emissions, it is first required to understand associated particle formation mechanisms and secondary organic aerosol formation potential at a fundamental level across a range of fuels, combustion efficiencies, and photochemical atmospheric ages; this understanding is the objective of this project. To meet Missouri's need for increased science and engineering education (MO is an EPSCoR state), a novel STEM-based Peer Mentoring Pipeline Program will be established to activate Grade 6 through PhD level research and education of ambient air quality and control technologies. Research projects involving air sampling (using custom sampling kits) in the presence and absence of a control technology (portable air purifiers) and subsequent sample analysis, data processing, and reporting will educate all participants on the science, technology, and impact of pollution and control technologies. Here, students gain mentoring experience and observe the strength and impact of outreach activities, increasing their likelihood of incorporating these types of activities in their careers as they move up the mentoring pipeline. A new Peer Mentoring Pipeline Program for research and education on air quality and pollution control will be implemented for underrepresented youth in St. Louis schools. Research and outreach results will be broadly disseminated through: national conferences, student groups, and graduate/ undergraduate courses in Aerosol Science & Technology / Atmospheric Science / Climate / Thermodynamics, and results will be made publicly available through peer-reviewed publications.Objectives of this project are aimed at characterizing new particle formation mechanisms from combustion/pyrolysis of coal and coal-biomass mixtures, determining associated secondary organic aerosol formation potential and organic aerosol evolution in the atmosphere, and to increase education and awareness of the need for pollution control technologies. Methods involve a novel suite of lab-scale furnaces/flames operating together with a novel suite of chemical and physical measurements on gas and particle emissions for a range of fuels and combustion/pyrolysis conditions. Additionally, a photochemical reactor will be employed to test the secondary organic aerosol formation potential of emissions over a range of atmospheric ages. Models for new particle formation and atmospheric oxidative evolution will be constructed. At the conclusion of this project, metrics will be available for new particle formation in combustion/pyrolysis systems operating with various fuels and at various degrees of efficiency. Atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation potentials and regional/global climate impact will be better understood for a major global source of emissions that has not been previously investigated at this fundamental level, yet evidence for its strong environmental impact has already been observed and will continue to increase in developing regions of the world.