SaTC: STARSS: Hardware Authentication through High-Capacity PUF-Based Secret Key Generation and Lattice Coding

硬件认证是新兴的设计保证和设计安全的学科的关键需求之一。它关注的是在芯片生命周期的任何时候可靠且廉价地建立集成电路（IC）的真实性和来源。物理不可克隆函数（PUF）作为认证的基本原语具有重要的前景，因为它们可以在特定的认证协议中充当内在生成的硬件信任根。PUF是利用IC制造中固有的随机性来生成随机输出串的伪随机函数。实现强大PUF潜力的核心挑战是它们容易受到使用机器学习（ML）方法的模型构建攻击。尽管在过去十年中致力于PUF，但仍然缺乏既可靠又具有ML弹性的强大硅PUF。该项目开发了一种强大的PUF，利用纳米级CMOS的物理特性，以达到上级于现有设计的安全性能。这种新的PUF利用缩放晶体管的物理特性，即亚阈值操作和漏极诱导势垒降低，实现连续的非线性。该项目还研究了有效的算法技术，基于新的代码和网格结构，以增强整体结构以及产生的PUF输出的鲁棒性，从而实现高容量的密钥生成。该项目中开发的强PUF具有非常大的输入输出空间，这使得它们对许多潜在的安全应用非常宝贵。

Hardware authentication is one of the critical needs in the emerging discipline of design for assurance and design for security. It is concerned with establishing the authenticity and provenance of Integrated Circuits (ICs) reliably and inexpensively at any point in a chip's life-time. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have significant promise as basic primitives for authentication since they can serve as intrinsically-generated hardware roots-of-trust within specific authentication protocols. PUFs are pseudo-random functions that exploit the randomness inherent in the IC manufacturing to generate random output strings. The central challenge in realizing the potential of strong PUFs is their vulnerability to model-building attacks using machine learning (ML) methodologies. Despite the effort devoted to PUFs over the past decade, there is still a lack of a strong silicon PUF that is both reliable and ML-resilient. This project develops a strong PUF that exploits the physics of nanometer-scale CMOS to attain security properties that are superior to existing designs. This new PUF exploits the physics of scaled transistors, namely subthreshold operation and drain-induced barrier lowering, to realize continuous nonlinearity. The project also investigates effective algorithmic techniques, based on novel codes and lattice-constructions, to enhance the overall structure as well as the robustness of the resulting PUF output to enable high-capacity secret key generation. The strong PUFs developed in this project possess a very large input-output space, making them invaluable to many potential security applications.