Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Family Resilience And Social Change

肯特约翰逊博士亚利桑那州州立大学的一名候选人，在简·布克斯特拉博士和克里斯·斯托扬诺夫斯基博士的指导下，将调查变革性社会政治进程对家庭的影响。这项研究将通过提供时间深度来理解人类家庭是如何构建的，以及家庭关系如何回应，塑造并反过来受到更大的社会机构的影响，从而使社会受益。 该项目将产生关于家庭对国家崩溃的反应的新的人类学知识，并通过探索在非西方背景下构成关系的因素，为当前关于家庭性质和结构的讨论做出贡献。这项研究将通过调查以亲属为基础的社交网络如何影响个人生活和社区历史，增进对过去和现在亲属关系的理解。这一新信息对理解全球复杂政体的衰落具有重要意义。该项目将通过制作教育小册子来促进发现和理解，这些小册子将描述研究结果，并宣传提供研究收藏品的博物馆。该项目将加强研究和教育的基础设施，促进被访问机构与研究人员所在机构之间的对话与合作。研究结果将通过专业出版物、公开介绍和在线考古数据数字档案（数字考古记录）传播给对家庭、亲属关系和安第斯考古学感兴趣的学者。亲属关系的生物考古学研究通常集中在改进在考古学背景下识别生物亲属的方法，从而产生相对狭窄的推论。而不是简单地确定考古记录中的亲属群体，这项研究将探讨不同的方式，家庭的建设，以及他们如何影响个人和小团体的反应，政治动荡和经济崩溃。本项目将借鉴当代社会亲属关系研究和社会群体生物考古学研究的最新进展，研究人类骨骼遗骸及其相关埋葬环境的证据，以评估政治权力下放后以亲属为基础的社会组织的三个重要方面：（1）亲属群体成员资格标准的重新定义或调整程度;（2）政治衰落和经济不稳定在多大程度上加强或削弱了家庭联系;（3）以家庭为基础的对政治和经济动荡的反应在塑造社会组织的广泛变化中的作用。为了调查政治衰落对家庭的影响，研究人员将收集和分析关于配偶交换模式、颅骨改造实践和中地平线（约1000年）丧葬仪式的数据。公元500-1100年）和中晚期（约。公元1100-1450年）秘鲁南部奥斯摩尔河下游的蒂瓦纳库和奇里巴亚社区。遗传相关性的头骨和牙齿标记将与头骨修改实践和葬礼仪式的证据相结合，以调查家庭在塑造对政治权力下放和长途交换网络崩溃的反应中所发挥的作用。

Kent Johnson, Ph.D. candidate at Arizona State University, under the direction of Dr. Jane Buikstra and Dr. Chris Stojanowski, will investigate the effects of transformative sociopolitical processes on families. This research will benefit society by providing temporal depth to understanding of how human families have been constructed and the ways that family relationships respond to, shape and in turn are affected by larger social institutions. This project will generate new anthropological knowledge about families' responses to state collapse and contribute to current discussions about the nature and structure of families by exploring what constitutes relatedness in non-Western context. This research will enhance understanding of kinship in the past and present by investigating how kin-based social networks influence individual lives and community histories. This new information has implications for understanding the decline of complex polities worldwide. The project will advance discovery and understanding by producing educational brochures that describe the studies findings and promote the museums that provide access to research collections. The project will enhance the infrastructure for research and education by fostering dialogue and collaboration among the institutions to be visited and the researchers' home institution. Study results will be disseminated to scholars interested in family, kinship, and Andean archaeology through professional publications, public presentations, and the online digital archive for archaeological data, the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR). Bioarchaeological investigations of kinship have typically focused on improving methods for identifying biological kin in archaeological contexts and thus generate relatively narrow inferences. Rather than simply identifying kin groups within the archaeological record, this study will explore the diverse ways that families are constructed and how they influence individual and small group responses to political turmoil and economic collapse. Drawing on recent developments in kinship research in contemporary societies and bioarchaeological studies of social groups, this project will examine evidence from human skeletal remains and their associated burial contexts to evaluate three important aspects of kin-based social organization following political decentralization: (1) the degree to which criteria for kin group membership is redefined or adapted; (2) the extent to which family ties are strengthened or weakened by political decline and economic destabilization; and (3) the role of family-based responses to political and economic upheaval in shaping broad changes in social organization. To investigate the effects of political decline on family, the researchers will collect and analyze data on patterns of mate exchange, cranial modification practices, and mortuary rituals of Middle Horizon (ca. AD 500-1100) and Late Intermediate Period (ca. AD 1100-1450) Tiwanaku and Chiribaya communities of the lower Osmore Drainage in southern Peru. Skeletal and dental markers of genetic relatedness will be combined with evidence of cranial modification practices and funerary rituals to investigate the role families played in shaping responses to political decentralization and the collapse of long-distance exchange networks.