An Arctic Ocean sea surface pCO2 and pH observing network

全球变暖和其他与气候有关的过程正在迅速改变北冰洋。夏季海冰正在消失，海面正在变暖，含盐量正在减少。这种变化的物理环境正在改变基本的生物过程和海气交换。北极的碳循环特别令人感兴趣，因为我们不知道二氧化碳源和汇是如何变化的，也不知道这些变化是否会导致大气中温室气体积累的增加。据认为，随着海冰的减少，北冰洋将吸收更多人为产生的二氧化碳。更高的二氧化碳含量导致海洋变得更酸，因为二氧化碳在水中溶解时会形成碳酸。水酸度的增加可以通过伤害贝壳形成的生物来影响食物网。尽管存在这些重要问题，但人们对北冰洋中部盆地的碳循环知之甚少。几乎所有的海洋酸度测量都是在夏季对北极大陆架进行的，因为夏季很容易到达。我们将在夏季乘坐破冰船“路易圣罗兰”号（Louis St. Laurent）和全年的海洋系泊处进行巡航，测量北冰洋中部地表水中溶解氧和二氧化碳的含量及其酸度。外展活动包括我们为蒙大拿大学开发的海洋酸化展览的继续运作。美国的科学博物馆已经被成千上万的博物馆游客参观。该研究将特别支持船上正在进行的pCO2系统的安装，以及在伍兹霍尔海洋研究所波弗特海的时间序列系泊上部署pCO2、pH和光合有效辐射传感器。自2003年该项目开始以来，这艘船一直沿着同一条航线航行，从博福特大陆架向南出发，一直延伸到加拿大盆地北部。每年部署三个系泊系统，配备地下剖面仪，测量电导率、温度、深度和溶解氧。我们的传感器部署在约35米的深度，就在水下浮子下方。这些数据将使我们能够在冰盖小于100%和光合有效辐射大于零的时期计算海气CO2通量和净群落生产力。通过向北极数据存储库（ACADIS）提交数据，将向科学界提供质量控制的船上和系泊数据。

Global warming and other climate-related processes are rapidly changing the Arctic Ocean. Summer sea ice is disappearing and the sea surface is warming and becoming less salty. This changing physical environment is altering basic biological processes and air-sea exchange of gasses. The carbon cycle is of particular interest in the Arctic because it is unknown how carbon dioxide sources and sinks are changing and whether these changes will lead to increased greenhouse gas accumulation in the atmosphere. It is thought that with less ice cover the Arctic Ocean will absorb more human-produced carbon dioxide. Higher carbon dioxide levels cause the ocean to become more acidic because carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid when it dissolves in water. The increase in the acidity of the water can affect the food web by harming shell-forming organisms. In spite of these important issues, not much is known about the carbon cycle in the central Arctic Ocean basins. Nearly all measurements of ocean acidity have been made on the Arctic shelves during the summer period when access is easy. We will measure the amount of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in the surface water and its acidity in the central Arctic Ocean during a summer cruise on the ice breaker Louis St. Laurent and on year-round oceanographic moorings. Outreach activities include continued operation of an ocean acidification exhibit that we developed for University of Montana?s science museum which has been seen by thousands of museum visitors.The research will specifically support installment of a shipboard underway pCO2 system along with deployment of pCO2, pH, and photosynthetically active radiation sensors on the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution time-series moorings in the Beaufort Sea. The ship follows the same cruise track since the program began in 2003, starting south on the Beaufort shelf and extending to the northern Canada Basin. Three moorings are deployed annually with a subsurface profiler that measures conductivity, temperature, depth, and dissolved O2. Our sensors are deployed at ~35 m depth, just below the subsurface float. These data will allow us to compute air-sea CO2 fluxes and net community productivity during periods when there is less than 100% ice cover and photosynthetically active radiation is greater than zero. The quality-controlled shipboard and mooring data will be made available to the scientific community by submission of the data to the Arctic data repository (ACADIS).