Self-evidence and conclusiveness of visual representations in medical diagnostics during the late 19th and early 20th centuries using the example of diseases of the urinary tract

医生如何为科学的自我证明辩护的问题在医学上扮演着重要的角色。自证使诊断或治疗程序的医疗行为合法化。然而，关于在19世纪和20世纪发展起来的医学诊断学中复杂的自证概念的语境化的文献是缺失的。拟议的项目分析了在这一时期创造自我证据的视觉策略：提出了哪些视觉或数据格式来产生自我证据？当代人是如何讨论诊断学中的自证问题的？特别是展示形式的不同特点及其作为自证证据的作用。这些格式将涵盖从技术上诱导的图像(从身体内部)到合成可视化(图形、表格等)的各种形式。关键的一点将是分析技术和自证之间的关系。医疗诊断中使用了哪些技术、仪器和仪器，它们产生了哪些可视化效果，这些图像是如何影射自我证据的？除了重建在所涉期间被视为不言自明的内容外，还应审查关于生产和接受自证的整个论述。本文将从客观性(不同类型)、形象化风格、关于自证的交流形式的发展以及医生对“定向观看”的倾向等核心范畴来分析自证的比喻。尿路疾病的诊断将成为一个典型的调查对象，因为这一领域的诊断实践结合了对远离身体的体液的检查(例如尿道镜检查)、皮肤检查和进入身体的诊断程序(内窥镜检查、放射学)。

The problem of how physicians argue for scientific self-evidence plays an important role in medicine. Self-evidence legitimizes medical actions for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. However, literature on the contextualization of the complex concept of self-evidence in medical diagnostics as it developed during the 19th and 20th centuries is missing. The proposed project analyzes visual strategies of creating self evidence during this period: which visual or data formats were put forward to produce self-evidence? How did contemporaries discuss questions of self-evidence in diagnostics? Especially different characteristics of display formats and their function as self-evidential evidence will be focused. These formats will encompass a great variety from technically induced images (from the inside of the body) to synthesized visualizations (graphs, tables etc.). A crucial point will be the analysis of the relationship between technology and self-evidence. Which technologies, instruments and apparatuses were used in medical diagnostics, which visualizations did they produce and how did these images insinuate self-evidence? In addition to a reconstruction of what is seen as self-evident during the period in question the entire discourse about producing and accepting self-evidence shall be examined. Figurations of self-evidence will be analyzed on the basis of central categories such as objectivity (in different kinds), visualization styles, the development of communication forms about self-evidence and physicians‘ disposition for „directed seeing“. Diagnostics of diseases of the urinary tract will serve as an exemplary object of investigation, because diagnostic practices in this field combine examinations of body fluids far from the body (e.g. uroscopy), examinations of the skin and diagnostic procedures entering the body (endoscopy, radiology).