OPUS: Phylogenetic synthesis of the mushroom group, Agaricomycotina

大多数蘑菇被归类为真菌组，包括约22,000个已描述的物种。真菌门的成员通过其作为腐殖物、病原体和有益共生体的活动对生态系统的功能产生深远的影响。研究真菌门成员的研究人员包括医学真菌学家、植物病理学家、生物燃料研究人员、生态学家和进化生物学家。然而，这种活动往往受到缺乏一个连贯的进化和真菌的分类框架的阻碍。除了专业科学家之外，许多公众也对蘑菇感兴趣，他们可能会收集蘑菇作为食物、染料或艺术品。业余真菌学家使用根据蘑菇的物理形态组织的野外指南（例如，鳃菇，多孔菌，珊瑚真菌等），但这些通常不能反映进化关系。因此，业余真菌学家不能理解真菌门的系谱分组，或者当它们发生时分类学名称变化的基本原理。在这个项目中，将合成25年来关于真菌的工作，以编写两本关于该主题的书。一个是面向专业科学家和研究生的技术出版物《真菌门的系统学》。“Agaricomycotina Systematics”将使来自不同背景的科学家对蘑菇形成真菌的多样性和进化关系有一个概述，并促进基础和应用真菌科学的比较观点。另一本书将是一本很受欢迎的书，名为《生命之树中的蘑菇》，供业余真菌学家阅读。“生命之树中的蘑菇”将展示如何估计进化树，并帮助业余真菌学家在真菌系统学的野外指南和技术文献之间建立联系。这项工作将产生一个全面的科学总结文本和一个大众文本。第一部分，题为“Agaricomycotina的系统学”，将包括五章关于一般主题的内容，包括：(1)Agaricomycotina的系统发育历史；(2)真菌门的系统发育与多样性综述；(3)真菌门的系统分类特征基础；(4)真菌属真菌的形态与发育演化；(5)真菌属植物的生态多样性及其营养模式的演化；以及11章（6-16）描述了真菌门的各个类群。通俗读物《生命之树中的蘑菇》将分为三个部分：(1)“重建生命之树”，其中将包含真菌系统发育的简明入门，术语最少；(2)“生命之树中的蘑菇”，这将为蘑菇形成的真菌提供更高层次的系统发育框架，强调业余真菌学家熟悉的类群；(3)“来自生命之树的故事”，这将包含一系列关于蘑菇的进化小插曲，说明只能从系统发育的角度来解决的历史叙述。

Most mushrooms are classified in the fungal group Agaricomycotina, comprising about 22,000 described species. Members of the Agaricomycotina have profound impacts on the functioning of ecosystems through their activities as decayers, pathogens, and beneficial symbionts. Researchers who study members of the Agaricomycotina include medical mycologists, plant pathologists, biofuels researchers, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists. However, such activities are often hampered by the lack of a coherent evolutionary and taxonomic framework for Agaricomycotina. In addition to professional scientists, many members of the public are interested in mushrooms, which they may collect for food, dyes, or as art objects. Amateur mycologists use field guides that are organized according to the physical forms of the mushrooms (e.g., gilled mushroom, polypores, coral fungi, etc.), but these often do not reflect evolutionary relationships. Consequently, amateur mycologists fail to appreciate the genealogical groupings of Agaricomycotina, or the rationale for taxonomic name changes when they occur. In this project, 25 years of work on the Agaricomycotina will be synthesized to produce two books on the subject. One will be a technical publication on "Systematics of Agaricomycotina" for professional scientists and graduate students. "Systematics of Agaricomycotina" will enable scientists from diverse backgrounds to gain an overview of the diversity and evolutionary relationships of mushroom-forming fungi, and promote comparative perspectives in basic and applied fungal science. The other book will be a popular text, titled "Mushrooms in the Tree of Life" for amateur mycologists. "Mushrooms in the Tree of Life" will show how evolutionary trees are estimated and help amateur mycologists make connections between field guides and the technical literature in fungal systematics.This work will result in a comprehensive scientific summary text and a popular text for the public. The first, entitled "Systematics of Agaricomycotina", will include five chapters on general topics, including (1) History of phylogenetics of Agaricomycotina; (2) Overview of phylogeny and diversity of Agaricomycotina; (3) Character bases of systematics of Agaricomycotina; (4) Morphological and developmental evolution in Agaricomycotina; and (5) Ecological diversity and evolution of nutritional modes in Agaricomycotina; as well as eleven chapters (6-16) describing individual groups of Agaricomycotina. The popular text, "Mushrooms in the Tree of Life," will be organized in three parts: (1) "Reconstructing the tree of life", which will contain a concise primer of fungal phylogenetics, with minimal jargon; (2) "Mushrooms in the tree of life", which will present a higher-level phylogenetic framework for mushroom-forming fungi, emphasizing groups that are familiar to amateur mycologists; and (3) "Stories from the tree of life", which will contain a series of evolutionary vignettes about mushrooms, illustrating historical narratives that can only be addressed with a phylogenetic perspective.