Science Policy Research Report: On the Relationships between Manufacturing, Innovation, National Competitiveness, and the Magnitude and Nature of Work

全球制造业地点的转移可能不仅影响生产成本，而且改变创新的性质和速度，以及工作的数量和类型。尽管美国制造业增加值有所增长，但美国制造业工人的数量却有所下降，中等收入工作岗位减少，失业工人的收入持续大幅下降。提高生产力和制造产品，这些产品在全球范围内都有需求，需要美国特有的专业知识和能力，这是美国提高其制造业附加值全球份额的重要因素。此外，美国要保持国家安全和在某些领域的创新能力，就必须在当地生产某些先进产品。该报告总结了现有文献，介绍了制造业活动从发达国家向工业化国家的全球再分配，以及这些转移对创新、国家安全以及工作规模和性质的影响。该报告根据这些科学证据提供了政策建议，并指出了需要进一步研究的重要领域。该报告审查了关于制造业和制造业就业全球分布纵向趋势的公开数据，并审查了关于制造业、创新、国家安全以及经济和就业性质之间关系的科学证据。 分类法的不同类别的技术变化在制造业，以及初步评估如何每一类技术变化可能会影响就业的规模和性质不同，提供了沿着讨论的可能性，为改善数据收集的关键领域，和学术研究。

Shifts in the global locus of manufacturing may affect not just production costs, but alter the nature and pace of innovation, as well as the amount and type of jobs. Despite growth in U.S. manufacturing value added, the number of U.S. manufacturing workers has declined with fewer middle income jobs and displaced workers experiencing persistent, large earnings losses. Increasing productivity and manufactured products that are demanded worldwide and require specialized knowledge and capabilities specific to the United States are important factors for the U.S. to increase its global share of manufacturing value added. Further, for the U.S. to maintain national security and capability to innovate in certain sectors, it likely must manufacture certain advanced products locally.The report summarizes the existing literature on the global redistribution of manufacturing activity from developed to industrializing nations and the implications of those shifts for innovation, national security, and the magnitude and nature of work. The report provides recommendations for policy based on this scientific evidence and notes important areas for additional research. The report reviews publicly available data on longitudinal trends of the global distribution of manufacturing and employment in manufacturing and reviews scientific evidence on the relationship between manufacturing, innovation, national security, and economic and nature of employment. A taxonomy for different categories of technology change in manufacturing, and a preliminary assessment of how each category of technology change may influence the magnitude and nature of employment differently is provided along with a discussion of possibilities for national action, critical areas for improved data collection, and scholarly study.