RAPID: Coordinated Structural Engineering Reconnaissance for 2017 Hurricane Irma

灾后快速反应研究侦察是了解自然灾害对国家建筑环境影响的最有力手段之一。结构工程界推进风暴设计和施工方法的能力通过系统地记录实际危险条件下住宅、建筑物和其他民用基础设施的性能而得到很大程度的提高。2017年飓风季节是进行此类调查的一个前所未有的场所。该季节包括飓风伊尔玛，这是有记录以来最强大的大西洋飓风，持续185英里/小时的风速和5级状态比以往任何风暴都要长。厄玛在加勒比海留下了一条相当大的破坏之路。美属维尔京群岛和波多黎各暴露在伊尔玛的全部5级强度下，造成3人死亡，并损害了波多黎各的基本基础设施，同时对美属维尔京群岛造成了惊人的破坏。Irma最终于2017年9月10日星期日早些时候在佛罗里达南部的Cudjoe Key首次登陆美国大陆，距离基韦斯特仅20英里，4级风速达到每小时130英里。当天下午晚些时候，厄玛在佛罗里达墨西哥湾沿岸那不勒斯以南的马可岛第二次登陆时降级为3级风暴，持续风速接近每小时120英里。厄玛继续沿佛罗里达墨西哥湾沿岸沿着向北移动，强度减弱为二级风暴，最终升级成热带风暴。即使在其虚弱的状态下，伊尔玛也夺走了26条生命，使电力基础设施瘫痪，摧毁了屋顶，并在整个佛罗里达州引发了结构性故障，包括迈阿密多台建筑起重机的广泛宣传故障。 Irma造成的广泛基础设施破坏为结构风和沿海工程师以及整个建筑行业提供了一个宝贵的现实世界测试平台，以记录基础设施性能和损坏数据，以促进对美国抗飓风设计和施工实践的理解。根据这项快速反应研究赠款，圣母大学的一个中央协调节点将把佛罗里达和波多黎各各大学的区域节点网络连接起来（佛罗里达理工学院、佛罗里达国际大学、佛罗里达大学和马亚圭斯的波多黎各大学），在飓风厄玛（Irma）过后的几周内，组织了一次广泛的结构风和海岸工程勘察工作，以获取这些宝贵的易腐损害数据。将通过奥本大学的数据节点组织和记录从该实地工作中获得的数据，然后通过NSF支持的自然灾害工程研究基础设施（NHERI）数据库（https：//www.example.com）与其他研究人员共享。www.designsafe-ci.org 在这项快速研究中，研究人员和学生团队将围绕每个区域节点组成，以调查和记录飓风伊尔玛的结构破坏和其他风暴影响，四波目标是佛罗里达的大西洋海岸，墨西哥湾沿岸，其钥匙，以及美国领土波多黎各和美属维尔京群岛。这项调查的广泛国内足迹将使研究人员能够研究从5级到热带风暴强度的一系列飓风驱动的灾害，以应对围绕以下问题的关键问题：（1）在这些地区的一系列建筑和基础设施类别中实施独特的建筑做法，特别注意佛罗里达州的做法被认为是在弹性海岸建设的领导者的表现，（2）目前的缓解战略和增强的建筑设计方法的有效性，（3）经常性风暴事件对遭受飓风马修（2016年）和厄玛（2017年）的房屋故障概率的影响，以及（4）新建筑围护结构技术对水入侵的性能。这一努力将进一步建立结构风工程研究界的能力，通过开发：（1）有效地理分布侦察的政策和数据标准，（2）可以快速捕获和管理易腐数据的数字工作流程，以及（3）公众参与机制，以众包损坏评估。

Post-disaster, rapid response research reconnaissance is one of the most powerful means to understand the effects of natural hazards on the nation's built environment. The structural engineering community's ability to advance windstorm design and construction methodologies is greatly informed by systematically documenting the performance of residential homes, buildings, and other civil infrastructure under actual hazard conditions. The 2017 hurricane season has been an especially unprecedented venue for such investigations. The season included Hurricane Irma, the most powerful Atlantic Hurricane on record, sustaining 185-mph winds and Category 5 status longer than any prior storm. Irma left a path of considerable destruction across the Caribbean. The U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico were exposed to Irma's full Category 5 strength, claiming three lives and compromising basic infrastructure in Puerto Rico, while delivering staggering damage to the U.S. Virgin Islands. Irma eventually made its first landfall in the continental U.S. on Cudjoe Key in southern Florida early on Sunday, September 10, 2017, passing just 20 miles from Key West with Category 4 winds that reached 130 miles per hour. Irma downgraded to a Category 3 storm as it made its second landfall later that afternoon on Marco Island, just south of Naples on Florida's Gulf Coast, with sustained winds near 120 miles per hour. Irma continued to move northward along Florida's Gulf Coast, weakening to a Category 2 storm and eventually to a Tropical Storm. Even in its weakened state, Irma claimed 26 lives, crippled power infrastructure, destroyed roofs, and instigated structural failures across the state of Florida, including the widely publicized failures of multiple construction cranes in Miami. The widespread infrastructure damage from Irma provides a valuable real-world testbed for structural wind and coastal engineers, as well as the building industry as a whole, to document infrastructure performance and damage data to advance understanding of hurricane-resistant design and construction practices in the United States. Under this Grant for Rapid Response Research (RAPID), a central coordination node at the University of Notre Dame will link a network of regional nodes at universities across Florida and Puerto Rico (Florida Institute of Technology, Florida International University, University of Florida, and University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez), to orchestrate a wide-spread structural wind and coastal engineering reconnaissance effort in the weeks following Hurricane Irma to capture this valuable perishable damage data. Data obtained from this field work will be organized and documented, through a data node at Auburn University, and then shared with other researchers through the NSF-supported Natural Hazards Engineering Research Infrastructure (NHERI) Data Depot (https://www.designsafe-ci.org). In this RAPID study, teams of researchers and students will form around each regional node to survey and document structural damage and other storm impacts from Hurricane Irma in four waves targeting Florida's Atlantic Coast, its Gulf Coast, its Keys, and the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The extensive domestic footprint of this investigation will allow researchers to study a range of hurricane-driven hazards from Category 5 to Tropical Storm intensities in order to respond to critical questions surrounding: (1) the performance of distinctive construction practices in these regions for a range of building and infrastructure classes, paying particular attention to the performance of Floridian practices regarded as a leader in resilient coastal construction, (2) the effectiveness of current mitigation strategies and enhanced building design methods, (3) the impact of recurring storm events on failure probabilities for homes exposed to both Hurricanes Matthew (2016) and Irma (2017), and (4) the performance of new building envelope technologies against water intrusion. This effort will further build the capacity of the structural wind engineering research community to rapidly organize and deploy post-disaster investigation teams by developing: (1) policies and data standards for effective geographically-distributed reconnaissance, (2) digital workflows that can enable the swift capture and curation of perishable data, and (3) public engagement mechanisms to crowdsource damage assessments.