Strombolian and Hawaiian Volcanism: Sub-second Parameterization of the Eruptive Dynamics of Explosions at Kilauea and Stromboli

玄武岩的爆炸性喷发是高度动态的，在风格和强度上容易发生变化，目前还无法预测。夏威夷的基拉韦厄火山和意大利的斯特龙博利火山就是这种多样性的例证。两座火山都非常活跃，而且都与日益增长的火山旅游业有关，这对岛屿经济至关重要。这些火山的喷发给管理机构带来了持续的挑战，就像本奖项颁发时基拉韦厄火山的情况一样，因为火山喷发地点很容易到达，而且需要在公众观看火山喷发活动的强烈兴趣和公共安全之间取得平衡。这种平衡需要对火山当前和即将到来的活动有精密的了解。公众既希望更好地了解火山的活动，也需要改进对未来所有火山喷发的可能路线和足迹的预测。该方法有望识别出风格变化的模式和前兆，支持世界上最受欢迎的“旅游火山”的风险管理。本研究中的观测站合作伙伴承担联邦授权的角色，向夏威夷和意大利的应对机构提供咨询，并将知识传授给负责风险管理的机构。该项目将涉及美国、英国和意大利机构之间的材料和思想交流，以造福年轻的研究人员和学生。研究结果将通过会议和研讨会、联邦应急管理局资助的休斯敦大学国家备灾培训中心提供的课程、互联网和科学出版物广泛传播。玄武岩爆炸性火山具有丰富的行为谱，从被动脱气到孤立的脉冲气泡破裂和强大的单次爆炸，到可变强度的不稳定飞溅，再到持续但脉动的火山碎屑喷泉。这项研究的目的是将这些玄武岩爆发的模式和转变与喷口的物理过程以及引起和塑造它们的非常浅的管道联系起来。它关注的问题有：1)是什么驱动了从间隔的离散爆炸序列到长时间间隔的持续爆炸的快速变化？2)喷发方式/动力学与溶解气体通量和化学之间的联系是什么？3)喷口特征的变化如何影响喷口的类型和强度？这些和其他关键问题的答案将通过使用同步FTIR和气体摄像机以及高速摄像机（视觉和红外波段）进行高时空分辨率的现场测量来实现。它的重点是这些火山已经受到严格限制的关键喷发，特别是2011年在卡莫阿莫亚火山和2008年至2018年在基拉韦厄火山的Halema'uma'u火山的活动，特别是基拉韦厄下东部裂谷带新开始的喷发。这些喷发过程的动态观测将与地球物理数据相结合，以量化和解释玄武岩火山喷发活动的精细尺度时空变化。该项目解决了2017年美国国家科学院关于火山科学未来报告的第二个主题，即在更多的火山及其整个生命周期中收集高分辨率测量数据，以克服观测偏差。这项研究将从根本上提高人们对夏威夷和斯特龙堡火山活动的认识，并有助于评估玄武岩中心未来爆发事件的危害。该奖项反映了美国国家科学基金会的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Basaltic explosive eruptions are highly dynamic, and prone to transitions in style and intensity that cannot yet be predicted. This diversity is exemplified by two island volcanoes: Kilauea in Hawaii and Stromboli in Italy. Both are very active volcanoes and both are associated with growing volcano tourism critical to island economy. Their eruptions pose constant challenges for management agencies, exemplified by the situation at Kilauea as this award is being made, because the eruption sites are highly accessible and there is a need to balance the strong popular interest in viewing the eruptive activity against public safety. This balance requires critically on sophisticated knowledge of the volcanoes current and immediately future behavior. There is both a public desire for better knowledge of the volcano's behavior and a need for improved forecasting of the likely course and footprint of all future eruptions. The approach is expected to identify patterns and precursors indicative of changing in style, supporting management of risk at the world's most popular 'tourist volcanoes'. Observatory partners in this study have federally mandated roles to advise response agencies in Hawaii and Italy and will transfer knowledge to the bodies charged with risk management. This project will involve exchange of material and ideas between institutions in the USA, the United Kingdom, and Italy to the benefit of young researchers and students. The results will be widely disseminated via meetings and workshops, courses offered by the FEMA-funded National Disaster Preparedness Training Center at UH, the Internet and scientific publications.There is a rich behavioral spectrum at basaltic explosive volcanoes which spans from passive degassing through isolated, impulsive bubble bursts and powerful single explosions, to unsteady spattering of variable intensity, and to sustained but pulsatory pyroclastic fountains. The goal of the study links these patterns and transitions of explosive basaltic eruptions to the physical processes in the vent and very shallow conduit that cause and shape them. It focuses on questions like: 1) What drives rapid changes from spaced sequences of discrete explosions to prolonged intervals of sustained fountaining? 2) What are the links between eruption style/dynamics and exsolved gas flux and chemistry? 3) How do changing vent characteristics influence style and intensity? Answers to these and other key questions will be achieved by field measurements of high temporal and spatial resolution using synchronized FTIR and gas cameras together with high-speed cameras (visual and infrared wave bands). It focuses on already tightly constrained key eruptions at these volcanoes, in particular activity at Kamoamoa in 2011 and Halema'uma'u in 2008-2018 at Kilauea and especially the newly started eruption along Kilauea's Lower East Rift Zone. These observations of dynamics of eruptive process will be paired with geophysical data to quantify and explain fine-scale temporal and spatial variations in explosive activity at basaltic volcanoes. The project addresses the second theme of the 2017 National Academy of Sciences report on the future of volcano science, namely, to collect high-resolution measurements at more volcanoes and throughout their life cycle to overcome observational bias. The study will fundamentally improve understanding of the behaviors of Hawaiian and Strombolian volcanoes and help assess hazards of future explosive events at basaltic centers.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.