Strombolian and Hawaiian Volcanism: Sub-second Parameterization of the Eruptive Dynamics of Explosions at Kilauea and Stromboli

玄武岩喷发是高度动态的，并且容易在风格和强度上发生尚无法预测的转变。这种多样性以两座岛屿火山为例：夏威夷的基拉韦厄火山和意大利的斯特龙博利火山。这两座火山都是非常活跃的火山，都与日益增长的火山旅游业有关，这对岛屿经济至关重要。它们的喷发给管理机构带来了持续的挑战，颁发该奖项时基拉韦厄的情况就是一个例证，因为喷发地点很容易进入，需要在观看喷发活动的强烈公众兴趣和公共安全之间取得平衡。这种平衡需要对火山当前和即将到来的行为的复杂知识至关重要。公众既希望更好地了解火山的行为，也需要改进对未来所有喷发的可能路线和足迹的预测。预计该方法将识别出风格变化的模式和前兆，支持对世界上最受欢迎的“旅游火山”的风险管理。这项研究中的观察站合作伙伴具有联邦授权的角色，为夏威夷和意大利的响应机构提供建议，并将知识传递给负责风险管理的机构。该项目将涉及美国、英国和意大利机构之间的材料和思想交流，以造福于年轻的研究人员和学生。结果将通过会议和研讨会、由联邦应急管理局资助的加州大学国家灾害准备培训中心提供的课程、互联网和科学出版物广泛传播。玄武岩爆炸火山有丰富的行为谱，从被动脱气到孤立、脉冲的气泡爆发和强大的单次爆炸，到不同强度的非稳定飞溅，以及持续但脉动的火山碎屑喷泉。这项研究的目的是将玄武岩喷发的这些模式和转变与喷口和非常浅的管道中的物理过程联系起来，这些过程导致和塑造了它们。它着重于以下问题：1)是什么驱动了从离散爆炸的间隔序列到持续喷泉的长时间间隔的快速变化？2)喷发方式/动力学与溶解气体通量和化学之间有什么联系？3)变化的喷口特征如何影响喷口类型和强度？这些和其他关键问题的答案将通过使用同步FTIR和气体相机以及高速相机(可见光和红外波段)进行高时间和空间分辨率的实地测量来实现。报告的重点是这些火山已经受到严格限制的关键喷发，特别是2011年在Kamoamoa和2008-2018年在基拉韦厄的Halema‘uma’u的活动，特别是基拉韦厄的下东裂谷地带新开始的喷发。这些对喷发过程动力学的观察将与地球物理数据相结合，以量化和解释玄武岩火山爆发活动的细微时间和空间变化。该项目涉及2017年国家科学院关于火山科学未来的报告的第二个主题，即收集更多火山及其整个生命周期的高分辨率测量数据，以克服观测偏差。这项研究将从根本上提高对夏威夷和斯特龙博利亚火山行为的了解，并有助于评估未来玄武岩中心发生爆炸事件的危险。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力优势和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Basaltic explosive eruptions are highly dynamic, and prone to transitions in style and intensity that cannot yet be predicted. This diversity is exemplified by two island volcanoes: Kilauea in Hawaii and Stromboli in Italy. Both are very active volcanoes and both are associated with growing volcano tourism critical to island economy. Their eruptions pose constant challenges for management agencies, exemplified by the situation at Kilauea as this award is being made, because the eruption sites are highly accessible and there is a need to balance the strong popular interest in viewing the eruptive activity against public safety. This balance requires critically on sophisticated knowledge of the volcanoes current and immediately future behavior. There is both a public desire for better knowledge of the volcano's behavior and a need for improved forecasting of the likely course and footprint of all future eruptions. The approach is expected to identify patterns and precursors indicative of changing in style, supporting management of risk at the world's most popular 'tourist volcanoes'. Observatory partners in this study have federally mandated roles to advise response agencies in Hawaii and Italy and will transfer knowledge to the bodies charged with risk management. This project will involve exchange of material and ideas between institutions in the USA, the United Kingdom, and Italy to the benefit of young researchers and students. The results will be widely disseminated via meetings and workshops, courses offered by the FEMA-funded National Disaster Preparedness Training Center at UH, the Internet and scientific publications.There is a rich behavioral spectrum at basaltic explosive volcanoes which spans from passive degassing through isolated, impulsive bubble bursts and powerful single explosions, to unsteady spattering of variable intensity, and to sustained but pulsatory pyroclastic fountains. The goal of the study links these patterns and transitions of explosive basaltic eruptions to the physical processes in the vent and very shallow conduit that cause and shape them. It focuses on questions like: 1) What drives rapid changes from spaced sequences of discrete explosions to prolonged intervals of sustained fountaining? 2) What are the links between eruption style/dynamics and exsolved gas flux and chemistry? 3) How do changing vent characteristics influence style and intensity? Answers to these and other key questions will be achieved by field measurements of high temporal and spatial resolution using synchronized FTIR and gas cameras together with high-speed cameras (visual and infrared wave bands). It focuses on already tightly constrained key eruptions at these volcanoes, in particular activity at Kamoamoa in 2011 and Halema'uma'u in 2008-2018 at Kilauea and especially the newly started eruption along Kilauea's Lower East Rift Zone. These observations of dynamics of eruptive process will be paired with geophysical data to quantify and explain fine-scale temporal and spatial variations in explosive activity at basaltic volcanoes. The project addresses the second theme of the 2017 National Academy of Sciences report on the future of volcano science, namely, to collect high-resolution measurements at more volcanoes and throughout their life cycle to overcome observational bias. The study will fundamentally improve understanding of the behaviors of Hawaiian and Strombolian volcanoes and help assess hazards of future explosive events at basaltic centers.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.