American Households During the Assimilation Era 1900-1940

尽管美国印第安人的同化时代有重要的历史遗产，但由于人口普查局在历史上对美洲原住民的统计方式存在局限性和不一致性，这个时代的历史数据非常难以获得和使用。这严重制约了对美洲原住民经济、社会和社会历史的高质量定量研究。研究人员不得不几乎完全依赖于保护区的总体数据，许多美洲原住民在研究自己的过去方面仍然无能为力，一般人口也是如此。这一拟议的研究项目旨在通过新的数据收集和现有数据的记录链接相结合，解决历史普查中的四个主要数据挑战。该项目将：（i）解决1900-1940年美洲原住民人口普查中的不一致问题;（ii）用更多的部落信息补充人口普查中的人口记录;（iii）将个人和家庭跨波联系起来;（iv）将个人层面的人口普查数据与其他来源的个人层面数据联系起来。 一旦完成，新数据将使研究人员能够回答一系列关于同化时代政策对美洲原住民人口影响的因果关系问题。该项目将在重建期间对美洲原住民家庭进行大规模和创新的数据收集工作，收集数据，并免费提供给研究人员。 该项目对现有数据集作了四项重大改进：（a）解决1900- 1940年全面人口普查中美洲原住民历史统计不一致的问题;（B）利用历史统计区的位置资料，补充人口普查中统计的美洲原住民个人记录，提供一个人属于哪个部落的资料;（c）使用新的记录联系方法，将嘈杂的个人信息与高质量的家庭结构信息相比较，将美洲土著人个人和家庭联系起来;及（d）把人口普查中的个人记录与其他个人层面数据来源的记录联系起来，也就是预约名单和印第安寄宿学校名单一旦这些数据的改进完成，PI将集中在三个迄今为止“无法回答”的问题：印第安人土地分配对美国原住民家庭的影响，印第安寄宿学校对美国原住民家庭和儿童的影响;以及联邦政府强加的制度安排对保留地/部落作为现代政治的长期成功的影响。 这项研究的结果将揭示和更好地了解美洲原住民的经济和社会问题。这个奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并已被认为是值得通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估的支持。

Despite important historical legacies of the Assimilation Era for American Indians, historical data from this era are exceedingly difficult to access and use because of limitations and inconsistencies in how the Census Bureau historically enumerated Native Americans. This has severely constrained high quality quantitative research on Native American economic, social, and social history. Researchers have had to rely almost exclusively on reservation-aggregate data, and many Native Americans remained hamstrung from studying their own past, so has the general population. This proposed research project is designed to resolve four major data challenges in the historical Census, through a combination of novel data collection and record-linkage of existing data. The project will: (i) resolve inconsistencies in the enumeration of Native Americans from 1900-1940; (ii) supplement Census-enumerate person-records with more tribal information; (iii) link individual and households across waves; and (iv) link individual level census data to individual level data from other sources. Once completed, the new data will enable the researchers to answer a range of causally identified questions on the effects of Assimilation-era policies on Native American populations. This project will undertake a massive and innovative data collection effort on Native American families during reconstruction, digitize the data, and make it available freely to researchers. The project makes four major improvements to existing data set: (a) to resolve inconsistencies in the historical enumeration of Native Americans in the Full Count Censuses from 1900--1940; (b) to supplement Census-enumerated Native American person-records with information on which tribe a person belonged to, using information on the location of historical enumeration districts; (c) to link Native American individuals and households across Census waves using new record linkage methodology that trades off noisy individual-level information against higher-quality household-structure information; and (d) to link person-records in the Population Census to records in other individual-level data sources, namely reservation rolls and Indian boarding school rolls. Once these data improvements are completed, the PIs will focus on three questions that have hitherto been “unanswerable”: the effect of Indian land allotment on Native American households, the effect of Indian boarding schools on Native American households and children; and the effects of federally imposed institutional arrangements on the long-run success of reservations/tribes as modern-day polities. The results of this research will shed light and a better understanding of Native American economics and social issues.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.