The "international style" of the New Frankfurt. Transnational transfers in the history of architecture, design and urban planning.

本项目聚焦于四位著名建筑师、城市规划师和设计师的生平。从近代建筑史、城市规划史和设计史上思想、观念和方法的转变，分析了这些中断。该项目将重点关注Ernst May、Ferdinand克雷默、Martin Elsaesser和Schütte-Lihotzky。20世纪20年代，他们都在新法兰克福的公共住房项目中工作，并以现代建筑的先驱而闻名。1933年后，他们被纳粹政府诽谤为“堕落的艺术家”。因此，其中三人离开德国，前往不同的国家和文化背景，并面临着新的建筑传统、社会文化需求和政治格局。第四种选择了“内迁”的道路。第二次世界大战结束后，他们都回到了德国。本研究分析了新法兰克福的国家和国际基础。此外，它还考察了主人公的概念如何改变，因为他们的传记停顿反映在他们的项目和规划。在此背景下，研究重点是他们在建筑，城市规划和设计方面的理论和实践活动。它还将传记嵌入到风格和思想流派的重要国际发展中。主要目的是发展一种历史和国际的视角，一方面克服经典艺术家传记的局限，另一方面克服孤立的风格分析。此外，该项目还将探讨在审查所涉期间，国际上对规划和建设新的现代化城市领域的专家和社会工程师的需求不断增加，而主角的作用。在二战后的时代，许多不同国家的政治家试图实施社会变革，并启动了大规模的基础设施和城市发展项目。这意味着专家们的影响范围很大。在这一背景下，研究报告分析了各自的政治和社会条件。通过对不同州和大洲的建筑作品进行分析，可以得出关于城市规划、整个世纪城市化以及基础设施历史的不同概念的结论。

This project focuses on the biographic caesuras in the life of four renowned architects, urban planners and designers. It analyses these caesuras in light of the transformation of ideas, conceptions and methods in the history of modern architecture, urban planning and design. The project will focus on Ernst May, Ferdinand Kramer, Martin Elsaesser and Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky. In the 1920s all of them made a name for themselves as pioneers of modern architecture while working at the public housing programme New Frankfurt. After 1933 they were defamed by the Nazi-government as 'degenerated artists'. As a consequence, three of them left Germany for different countries and cultural backgrounds and were faced with new architectural traditions, sociocultural demands and political constellations. The fourth chose the path of "inner emigration". After the end of World War II, all of them returned to Germany. This study analyses the national and international foundations of the New Frankfurt. In addition, it examines how the protagonists' conceptions changed as a consequence of their biographic caesuras as reflected in their projects and planning. In this context, the study focuses both on their theoretical and practical activities in architecture, urban planning and design. It also embeds the biographies into significant international developments of style and schools of thought. The major intention is to develop a historical and international perspective that overcomes the limits of a classic artist's biography on the one and an isolated style analysis on the other hand. In Addition, the project will look into the role of the protagonist against the rising international demand for experts and social engineers in the fields of planning and building new, modern cities during the period under review. In the post World War II era politicians in many different countries tried to implement social changes and initiated large-scale infrastructural and urban development projects. This entailed an enormous sphere of influence for experts. Against this background, the study analyses the respective political and social conditions. The analysis of the architectural work in different states and continents will allow conclusions on different conceptions in urban planning, urbanisation in the 20th century as a whole and, more generally, the history of infrastructure as such.