The development of Ethnology and Prehistory in France and Germany up to the 1960s: A history of entanglement

在法国和德国，科学和学科传统及其制度背景在20世纪上半叶有时以一种非常不同的方式发展。然而，关于民族学，人们也可以注意到这两种认识论的国家方法之间的交叉，这使得对他们纠缠的历史的调查特别有希望。该项目采用的观点侧重于所产生的知识以及在所研究的国家背景下接受和反映这些知识的方式。本节目旨在展示这些主题领域是如何在纠缠的历史意义上以平行、对立或相互关联的方式演变的。在前一个人类项目的框架内，特别提请注意民族知识的传播方式，以及在德国、法国和后来以对等方式返回有关非洲国家的接受情况。该项目表明，一部错综复杂的民族学知识史必然包括与相关学科的关系，特别是与史前学科的关系，并与民族学建立了特别卓有成效的联系。共同的学科知识和实践，对物质文化或对方的相似态度，可能在地理或时间层面上相距甚远，以及共同的机构和协会，所有这些都证实了这两个学科在20世纪初的特殊关系。在概念层面上，人类2项目将分析民族学家和史前专家之间的互动，例如关于族群或文化等概念、对两个学科都有影响的文化理论(如文化区假说)，并调查两个学科处理文物的方式。这两个学科之间的密切合作在20世纪50年代由安德烈·勒罗伊-古尔汉的作品引发，其中或多或少停止了。研究项目将组织几次会议，发表科学成果，并通过展览向更多的公众提供这些成果。

In France and Germany, the scientific and disciplinary traditions as well as their institutional contexts have sometimes developed in a very diverging way in the first half of the 20th century. Regarding ethnology, one may however also note intersections between the two epistemological national approaches, which make the investigation of their entangled history particularly promising. The perspective adopted in this project focuses on the knowledge produced as well as on the way it was received and reflected upon in the studied national contexts. The present program aims at showing how these thematic areas have evolved in a parallel, antagonistic or interrelated way in the sense of an entangled history. In the frame of the preceding ANTHROPOS project, attention was particularly drawn on the ways ethnological knowledge spread and on how it was received in Germany, in France and later in a reciprocal way came back to the concerned African countries. The project has shown that an entangled history of ethnological knowledge necessarily includes the relationship to related disciplines, in particular to prehistory, with had developed particular fruitful ties with ethnology. A shared disciplinary knowledge and practice, similar approaches towards material culture or to the Other, may he be far distant on a geographical or a temporal level, as well as joint institutions and associations, all this confirms the special relationship between the two disciplines at the beginning of the 20th century. On a conceptual level, the ANTHROPOS 2 project will analyze these interactions between ethnologists and specialists of prehistory regarding for example concepts such as ethnic group or culture, cultural theories influential in both disciplines such as the cultural areas hypothesis and investigate the way both discipline handle artefacts. The intense cooperation between the two disciplines ceased more or less in the 1950s triggered among other by the works of André Leroi-Gourhan.The research project will organize several conferences, publish scientific results and make them available to a larger public through exhibitions.