The development of complex settlements in northern Inner Oman in the 3rd millennium BC

拟议的研究项目的出发点是缺乏对公元前3千年阿曼半岛社会和经济发展的了解，这反映在阿曼内部北方复杂定居点的出现。本项目将详细研究导致这一复杂和动态变化的内部过程，可能还有外部影响，其中还包括经济的巨大好转，显然也与美索不达米亚对铜的高需求有关。申请人在过去五年中非常成功地调查了哈菲特人的定居和埋葬习俗（约。3100-2700 BC）和Umm an Nar（约。2700年至2000年（公元前）期间，在他自己的研究项目在阿曼苏丹国，重点在这里提出的研究项目是完全在解决这两个时期。由于从未发现过哈菲特时期的住宅建筑并进行过考古调查，该研究项目特别旨在获得有关阿曼早期定居发展的新信息。该研究项目的主题是阿曼苏丹国北部的Khashbah遗址，该遗址既有Hafit建筑，也有Umm an-Nar建筑，因此以理想的方式涵盖了调查期间。这项工作的重点是对定居点遗迹进行历时比较，其中将研究功能结构，包括水和农业建筑，从而研究生存基础，以及Khashbah内的社会分化。在2015年项目的第一阶段，将进行一次覆盖整个场地的当地调查。这不仅包括从地表收集发现物，还包括所有建筑物和景观特征的记录。为此，应使用现代的卫星测量方法，在当地参考后，可以进行厘米精度的测量，并在几公里的距离内工作。测量时可省去耗时的测速仪辐射和手工绘图。这项工作将得到正射校正的航空照片的补充，这些照片特别是为随后在地理信息系统中分析调查提供了重要基础。此外，还计划在可能的Hafit房屋和大坝地区进行地磁勘探。测试挖掘将完成第一次战役的工作。他们专注于Khashbah中心的两个区域，一方面是独特的方形建筑，另一方面是可能的住宅。

The starting point of the proposed research project is the lack of knowledge about the social and economic development on the Omani Peninsula in the 3rd millennium BC, which is reflected the most in the emergence of complex settlements in the northern inner Oman. The internal processes and possibly also external influences that have led to this complex and dynamic change, and which also include the great economic upturn, apparently also connected with Mesopotamias high demand for copper for example, shall be investigated in detail in this project. After the applicant during the past five years very successfully investigated a settlement and burial customs of the Hafit (ca. 3100-2700 BC) and the Umm an-Nar (ca. 2700-2000 has BC) period in his own research project in the Sultanate of Oman, the focus in the here proposed research project is solely on settlements of both periods. As never before domestic buildings of the Hafit period were discovered and archaeologically investigated, the research project aims especially to achieve new information about the early settlement development in Oman. Subject of the research project is the site of Khashbah in the north of the Sultanate of Oman, which has both Hafit as well as Umm an-Nar buildings and thus covers the period of investigation in an ideal way. The focus of the work is on the diachronic comparison of settlement remains, where both the functional structure, including water and agricultural constructions and thus the subsistence base, as well as the social differentiation within Khashbah will be studied. In the first phase of the project in 2015, a local survey shall be carried out covering the entire site. This includes not only the collecting of finds from the surface, but also the documentation of all buildings and landscape features. For this a modern, satellite-based surveying method shall be used, which, after local referencing, allows measurements with centimeter precision and works within a distance of several kilometers. The time-consuming radiation by means of a tachymeter and the drawing by hand can be omittet in the case of the survey. The work will be complemented by orthorectified aerial photographs, which form an important base especially for the subsequent analysis of the survey in a geographic information system. In addition, a geomagnetic prospection is planned in the area of the possible Hafit houses and that of the dam. Test excavations will complete the work of the first campaign. They focus on two areas in the center of Khashbah, on the one hand the unique square building and on the other hand a possible residence.